Human Anatomy and Physiology

Behavioral crisis ● Any reaction to events that interferes with the patient’s activities of daily living or has become acceptable to the patient, his or her family, or community ○ Not all are psychotic or violent Functional disorders - not linked to physical dysfunction or failure of an organ - Usually from chemical imbalance in the brain (not structural or physical) ● Depression ● Schizophrenia ○ Symptoms: delusion, hallucinations, lack of interest in pleasure, erratic speech ● OCD ● Bipolar disorders Organic disorders ● Organic brain syndrome: temporary or permanent dysfunction of the brain caused by a disturbance in the physical or physiologic functioning of the brain tissue ○ Causes: sudden illness, traumatic brain injury (TBI), seizure disorders, drug/alcohol abuse, diseases ● Altered mental status can arise from: hypoglycemia, hypoxia, impaired cerebral blood flow, hyperthermia, hypothermia Acute Psychosis - state of delusion in which the person is out of touch with reality ● Causes: mind-altering substances, intense stress, delusional disorders, schizophrenia Excited Delirium - condition of impairment in cognitive function that can present with disorientation, hallucinations, or delusion ● Agitation - restlessness and irregular physical activity ○ Patients may strike out irrationally ● Symptoms of delirium: hyperactive irrational behavior, vivid hallucinations, hypertension, tachycardia, dilated pupils, diaphoresis ● Try to indirectly determine patient’s orientation, memory, concentration, judgement Reflective listening ● Repeating, in question form, what the patient tells you ○ Allows patient to further expand on his or her thoughts ○ Helps EMT gain insight on patient situation High risk for suicide ● Recent diagnosis of a serious illness ● Financial setback ● Divorce ● Death of a loved ones ● Untreated psychiatric illness ● Recent acquisition of items that can cause death (knife fun, alcohol use) When physically restraining a violent patient, EMT should continually talk to the patient as he or she is being restrained ● Monitor circulation at all extremities Hypoglycemia → pallor, diaphoresis, motor tremors ● Oral glucose and monitor blood glucose levels Psychiatric illnesses (depression, etc) cannot be ruled in or out in the field

MCB | 244 | Human Anatomy and Physiology | study guides | Behavioral crisis ● Any reacti

Chapter_12_Exam_Shock_Study_Guide.pdf-Shock (hypoperfusion) - state of collapse

Load-distributing band ● Circumferential chest compression device composed of a constricting band and a backboard ● Electronically pr pneumatically driven to compress the heart by putting inward pressure on the thorax ● Frees the rescuer to complete other tasks ● Light and easier to apply than the mechanical piston device Mechanical piston device ● Depresses the sternum via a compressed gas-powered plunger mounted on a backboard Impedance threshold device ● Valve device is placed between the endotracheal tube and BVM ● Designed to limit the air entering the lungs during the recoil phase Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ● Procedure used to establish artificial ventilation and circulation in a patient who is not breathing and has no pulse ** Small set of steps leading to the exit of the build (on the way to the ambulance) is an example of the only time you can interrupt CPR ** Instead of the abdominal-thrust maneuver, use chest thrusts for women in advanced stages of pregnancy and patients who are obese Sellick maneuver ● Prevent gastric distention in which pressure is applied to the cricoid cartilage Children AED ● Apply AED after first 5 cycles ● Provide rescue breathing ○ Not breathing, has pulse: 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds ○ Not breathing, no pulse: 2 breaths after 30 compressions Opening Airway for children ● Place a wedge under the upper chest and shoulders when supine Active compression-decompression CPR ● Involves compressing the chest and then actively pulling it back up to its neutral position Obvious signs of death ● Rigor mortis (stiffening of body) ● Dependent lividity - discoloration of the skin caused by pooling of blood ● Putrefaction - decomposition of body ● Evidence of non survivable injury Once begin CPR, continue until STOP ● S = starts breathing and has pulse ● T = transferred to another provider of equal or higher training ● O = out of strength ● P = physician directs to discontinue

MCB | 244 | Human Anatomy and Physiology | study guides | Load-distributing band ● Circu

Chapter 1 Know the definitions and different categories of anatomy and physiology Anatomy: describes the structures of the body including: what they are made of, located and associated structures Gross anatomy (macroscopic): examines large, visible structures Surface: exterior features Regional: body areas Systemic: organ systems Developmental: from conception to birth Clinical: medical specialties - Microscopic: examines cells and molecules Cytology: study of cells and their structures Histology: study of tissue Physiology: the study of the function of biological systems including anatomical structures § Cell physiology: processes within and between cells § Organ physiology: functions of specific organs § Systemic: functions of an organ system § Pathological: effects of diseases What are the 6 levels of organization your book recognizes? 1. Chemical (molecular): chemical, mechanical and electrical events that occur within and between cells 2. Cellular: the fundamental compartments of all known living organisms and the molecules and organelles within working together 3. Tissue: group of cells working together in a concerted manner 4. Organ: group of tissues working together to perform specific functions 5. Organ system: group of organs working together, humans have 11 organ systems 6. Organism: a human for example What are the major organs and functions of the 11 organ systems? Integumentary ● Organs: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails ● Functions: protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information Skeletal ● Organs: Bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow ● Functions: provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells Muscular ● Organs: skeletal muscles and associated tendons ● Functions: provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature Nervous ● Organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs ● Functions: directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions Endocrine ● Organs: pituitary gland, pancreas, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems, thyroid gland, adrenal gland

MCB | 244 | Human Anatomy and Physiology | study guides | Chapter 1 Know the definitions

Chapter 7: Lifespan Development ● Normal vital ranges for various age groups ○ Neonate - faster pulse and respiratory rate ■ Pulse: 90-180 beats/min ■ Respiratory rate: 30-60 breaths/min ■ Tidal volume: 6-8 mL/kg and increases to 10-15 mL/kg ■ BP: corresponds to weight (increases with age), 50-70 mm Hg ○ Infant (1 month - 1 year) ■ Pulse: 100-60 beats/min ■ Respiratory rate: 25-50 breaths/min ■ Systolic BP: 70-95 mm Hg ○ Toddler ■ Pulse: 90-150 ■ Respirations: 20 - 30 breaths/min ■ BP: 80 - 100 mm Hg ○ Preschool age (3 year - 6 year) ■ Pulse: 80-140 ■ Respirations: 20-25 ■ BP: 80-100 mm Hg ○ School age ■ Pulse: 70-120 ■ Respirations: 15-20 ■ BP: 80-110 ○ Adolescent (12 year - 18 year) ■ Pulse: 60-100 ■ Respirations: 12-20 ■ BP: 90-110 ○ Early Adult (19 year - 40 year) ■ Pulse: 60-100 ■ Respirations: 12-20 ■ BP: 90-140 ○ Middle Adult (41 year - 60 year) ■ Pulse: 60-100 beats/min ■ Respirations: 12-20 ■ BP: 90-140 ○ Older Adult (61 and older) ■ Pulse: 60-100 beats/min ■ Respirations: 12-20 breaths/min ■ BP: 90-140 mm Hg ● Respiratory changes with age ○ Neonate/Infants ■ First breath is forceful ■ Primarily “nose breathers” ■ Younger than 6 months: prone to nasal congestion that can cause viral upper respiratory infections ■ Make sure nasal passages are clear and unobstructed by mucus ■ Rib cage of infant is less rigid, ribs sit horizontally ● Diaphragmatic breathing (“belly breathing”) ■ Infant tongue is larger in proportion to oral cavity ■ Airway is proportionally shorter and narrower ■ Airway obstruction is more common ■ Forceful ventilations → trauma → barotrauma ■ Large size of infant’s occiput and increased flexibility of trachea → airway can be inadvertently blocked by incorrect positioning (over-extension or over-flexion) ○ Toddler ■ Viral infections, upper respiratory tract infections ○ Older adults ■ Size of airway increases and surface area of the alveoli decreases ■ Natural elasticity of the lungs also decrease, forcing to use muscles between their ribs (intercostal muscles) to breathe ■ Labor breathing ■ Cough and gag reflexes diminish, greater risk of aspirations and airway obstruction ● Cardiovascular changes with age ○ Neonate ■ Prior to birth: fetal circulation through placenta ■ During birth: hormones and pressure changes (fetal to independent circulation) ■ Low number of alveoli ○ Todder ■ Similar to adult’s system ■ Lungs continue to develop more terminal bronchioles and alveoli ■ Muscle and bone density increases ○ Middle adults ■ Cardiovascular becomes a issue ■ Vulnerable to hearing and vision loss ■ Unaware of conditions such as diabetes and hypertension ■ Increase in cholesterol levels, decrease in efficiency of the heart ■ Leading cause of death: cancer

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