Biology Foundations of Life

Biology of Food

Microbio

Environmental Microbiology

Environmental Pollution Control

Zachary Horr Environmental Science Assignment Chapter 1 10 points Read Chapter 1 (Science and Sustainability: An Introducon to Environmental Science) in your book. Answer the following quesons. Be brief, but complete. Points are awarded on the basis of quality, not quanty. 1. What is your deﬁnion of science? You can consult other sources, but come up with something in your own words. - Science is the study of ideas and objects in the known or physical world. 2. Carry out a short poll on the queson “Do you think it is possible for a scienst to prove that a hypothesis is true?” by asking at least ﬁve other people what they think. Report your results (you don’t have to idenfy the parcipants, just tally their answers). Then, tell me what you think. Defend your answer. - Yes 4 No 1 - I believe that scienst can prove their hypothesis to be true in two diﬀerent ways. First, if a scienst conducts mulple experiments in the exact same method and they all have the same outcome this would allow a scienst to prove their hypothesis to be true, assuming their hypothesis aligned with the results. The second way, which is my opinion the inaccurate method, would be for the scienst to manipulate their experiment to ensure their hypothesis is accurate. This would provide potenally false/inaccurate results, but would prove the hypothesis to be true. 3. Deﬁne environmental ethics. Which approach (anthropocentrism, biocentrism, or ecocentrism) is closest to your own worldview? - Environmental ethics is how you apply ethics (good and bad) to diﬀerent relaonships between both humans and nonhumans. My approach is probably more biocentrism at this point, but as I’ve learned more through diﬀerent courses and readings my understanding of the big picture has increased. This is slowly shiﬅing my approach to ecocentrism.

BIO | 1000 | Biology Foundations of Life | homework | Zachary Horr Environmental Sci

BIO_1050_CH5_PART_B.docx-Deﬁne “ resilience ”: the capacity

Carbohydrates Study Guide 1. What is the structure of glyceraldehyde? Be able to identify L or D sugars. Are natural sugars D or L? Gly prefix means they contain 3 carbon atoms. Glycerol needed for fatty acids. Glycerate needed for glycolysis. Glyceraldehyde needed for glycolysis. OH at every position. OH on chiral carbon is on the right, so it is “D” Glyceraldehyde, and our sugars are D. Look at carbon farthest away from aldehyde or ketone. Is it chiral and have the highest number? If so, look at the OH. Is it on the left or the right. L for left and D for right. 2. Recognize hemiacetals and acetals. What is the main product in each of the reactions: (Glucose ia an aldohexose AND A HEMIACETAL) . Hemiacetals or Acetals. Carbon with 2 oxygens bound to it. Acetals are in the aldehyde family which means they still have the H; acetal has OR group and hemiacetal has the OH. If H bound to it is acetal or hemiacetal. So Carbon + 2 Oxygens + Hydrogen (REDO THIS ONE; SEE BOOK) Alcohol + Aldehyde = Hemiacetal and Hemiacetal + Alcohol = Acetal. alcohol + aldehyde —> ? Hemiacetal Hemiacetal + alcohol —> ? Acetal 3. How many chiral carbons are in the straight chain form of glucose? How many in the cyclic form? 4. Distinguish alpha from beta sugars. Recognize the anomeric carbon. What is mutarotation? If OH on opposite side of CH2OH is alpha and if on same side is beta. Know anomeric carbon and L or D and Hex, Pent, etc…Mutarotation is an interconversion of Alpha and Beta forms. 5. What is the structure of glucose or ribose? What carbohydrate is in milk? In starch? In the liver or skeletal muscle? What is cellulose? Lactose is in milk. . Amylose or amylopectin is in starch. Glycogen is in liver. Cellulose is a Beta B glucose. Polymer of glucose linked with beta 1, 2, 4 glycosidic bonds. 6. What makes a carbohydrate a reducing carbohydrate? What monosaccharides are reducing? Carbohydrate is reducing if it has an aldehyde group that can form. Is a hemiacetal (form aldehydes) or a hemiketals (form ketones) can isomerize back into an aldehyde group. So what makes it reducing is that it is a hemiacetal and has potential to have a free carbohydrate group. All of the monosaccharides are reducing. Which common disaccharide is not reducing? Sucrose is the common disaccharide that is NOT reducing bc the anomeric carbon of the glucose and the fructose are linked together and there is no free aldehyde group. 7. What are glycosidic bonds? When forming bonds between glucose units, what’s the difference between alpha(1->4), beta(1 -4), and alpha(1->6) bonds. What type of bond is in cellulose, in amylopectin and amylose, in glycogen? Glycosidic bonds are bonds between sugar molecules or the bond that links the anomeric carbon of one molecule of sugar to the OH of another. The type of bonds in cellulose is beta 1,4. Amylopectin is branched and has Alpha 1,4, and Alpha 1,6 (actual branches). Amylose is not branched and just Alpha 1,4. Glycogen is branched and has Alpha 1,4 and Alpha 1,6. 8. Discuss carbohydrate digestion. What is dextrin? What is the function of alpha amylase, isomaltase, and disaccharidases? Which types of bonds are “digested” by humans? Starches begin digestion in the mouth. Salivary amylases attack and hydrolyze Alpha 1,4. If starch digestion pauses in the stomach, it goes onto need pancreatic amylase which does same thing. Isomaltase is a special enzyme that breaks down Alpha 1,6. Maltase breaks maltose. Sucrase breaks sucrose etc…It gets absorbed. Dextrin is a partial digestive product of amylase which has some Alpha 1,4 and Alpha 1,6 bonds. Short lived amylopectin. Digest everything except Beta 1,4 bonds between glucoses or bonds between glucoses and celluloses which is what Beta 1,4 bonds are. 9. What are the 2 types of glucose transporters? Glucose transporter that is facilitated diffusion and doesn’t require energy and there is a Sodium glucose transporter which goes against the concentration gradient and does require ATP hydrolysis. Sodium gets pumped in by the Sodium potassium ATPase, creates a concentration gradient and makes for transport for glucose.

BIO | 4063 | Environmental Microbiology | study guides | Carbohydrates Study Guide 1. W

1. What is the total magniﬁcaon of a compound light microscope with objecves lens magniﬁcaon of 40X and ocular lens of 10X? Total magniﬁcaon is 400X 2. Why is immersion oil necessary at 1000X but not with the lower power objecves? Because of the diﬀerence in refracve index between glass and air. Higher power objecve as more curvature to glass means lot more refracve index between the glass and the surface air gap. Oil has the same RI as the glass which makes it look through the glass all the way down to the specimen without distoron. 3. What are the advantages of brighield, darkﬁeld, and phase-contrast microscopy? Brighield – Simple and it has very few adjustments Darkﬁeld - can view objects that are unstained, transparent and absorb lile to no light. Can have live sample and can be combined with ﬂuorescence. Phase-contrast- Observing living cells, high contrast high resoluon images, can combine with ﬂuorescence. 4. Why won’t other bacteria ﬂuoresce in the FTTA-ABS test? Because they are not same bacteria 5. What is the principal use of SAM? It interprets the acon of a sound wave through a specimen. 6. How do TEM and SEM images of the same organism diﬀer? TEM is 2D and SEM is 3D. In TEM you view the internal structures while in SEM you are viewing the external image. 7. What is the principle employed in scanned-probe microscopy? It is to study molecules inside the cell such as – DNA 8. How can the Gram reacon be useful in prescribing anbioc treatment? It is to idenfy if a cell is gram posive which is sensive to penicillium or negave which is not penicillium. 9. Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis easily idenﬁed by the acid-fast stain? It is a acid fast cell which appears red. 10. Of what value are capsules, endospores, and ﬂagella to bacteria? Capsule- prevents phagocytosis Endospore- protecng cell in resng stage Flagella- molity

BIO | 3011 | Microbio | homework | 1. What is the total magniﬁca

Chapters 8 and 9 Homework (20 quesons) Please highlight your answer in a light color. 1. Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as is to . a. Exergonic; spontaneous b. Exergonic; endergonic c. free energy; entropy d. work; energy 2. Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because a. heat does not involve a transfer of energy b. cells do not have much thermal energy; they are relavely cool c. temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell d. heat can never be used to do work 3. If an enzyme in soluon is saturated with substrate, the most eﬀecve way to obtain a faster yield of products is to a. add more of the enzyme b. heat the soluon to 90°C c. add more substrate d. add a noncompeve inhibitor 4. Some bacteria are metabolically acve in hot springs because a. they are able to maintain a lower internal temperature. b. high temperatures make catalysis unnecessary. c. their enzymes have high opmal temperatures. d. their enzymes are completely insensive to high temperatures. 5. If an enzyme is added to a soluon where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur? a. Addional substrate will be formed. b. The reacon will change from endergonic to exergonic. c. The free energy of the system will change. d. Nothing; the reacon will stay at equilibrium. 6. Enzymes speed up reacons by a. raising the acvaon energy required to power the reacon b. lowering the acvaon energy required to power the reacon c. neutralizing the reacon d. decreasing the temperature of a reacon 7. How does ATP typically transfer energy from an exergonic to an endergonic reacon in the cell? a. by phosphorylang ADP b. by a dehydraon reacon c. by phosphorylang another molecule d. by neutralizing the enzyme 8. What are the two environmental factors that aﬀect enzyme acvity? a. Oxygen levels and water content b. pH and water content c. Water content and temperature d. Temperature and pH 9. Which is not true of exergonic reacons? a. Products have less free energy than the reactants b. They are spontaneous c. They require an input of energy d. They result in - G 10. The site on an enzyme where they bind with a substrate is called a. Acve site b. Substrate site c. Binding site d. Substrate complex

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