Biology Foundations of Life

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Zachary Horr Environmental Science Assignment Chapter 8 10 points Write down answers to the following questions. Be brief, but complete. Points are awarded on the basis of quality, not quantity. Read Chapter 8 (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) in your book. Then briefly answer the following questions: 1. What is ecotourism? What do you think about the idea? Have you ever been an ecotourist? - Ecotourism is aversion of tourism where people visit natural areas that are often undisturbed. Often ecotourist look to minimize damage to these areas. I believe the idea is a much better alternative than say taking the lands and logging them or turning them in to farm land that will only increase the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. I have been an ecotourist before, visiting many sections of the Appalachian trail, national parks, and other protected areas. 2. Choose one of the major causes of diversity loss, and describe how it can affect organisms. - Pollution is a major cause of diversity loss. Air pollution can contaminate forest systems and the ozone, water pollution can be toxic to fish and amphibians, plastics in the water can choke and kill animals, and fertilizer run off can harm many aquatic species. 3. How can forensics play a role in protecting species? - You can analyze tissue samples from animals at the market in order to determine if the animal is being hunted and sold illegally. 4. What are three things that you learned from reading this chapter? - That habitat loss is the most harmful cause of biodiversity loss. - Forensics are being used in order to help stop illegal activities and to protect at-risk species. - The polar bear is the first animal to be placed on the endangered species list due to climate change. 5. Do a little research and identify an example of an endangered species found here in Alabama. What threats have led to it being endangered? What are its prospects for recovery? Cite at least one source for your research. -The Cahaba Shiner is both endemic and endangered in Alabama. The species is only found in the Cahaba River. Much like most of Alabama’s aquatic animals their primary threats are damming, mining, and agricultural pollution. As of right now the population is decreasing; however, they aren’t completely sure of the trend since they were only discovered in 1998. NatureServe 2013. Notropis cahabae . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T14884A19032981. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- 1.RLTS.T14884A19032981.en . Downloaded on 20 February 2020

BIO | 1000 | Biology Foundations of Life | homework | Zachary Horr Environmental Sci

1. What is the advantage of semiconservative replication? Each offspring cell gets one strand of DNA from the parent cell, which survived to reproduce 2. Why is one strand “upside down” relative to the other strand? Why can’t both strands “face” the same way? If both strands were parallel to each other the nitrogen base pairs would not line up correctly. 3. Why is one strand of DNA synthesized discontinuously? one strand is synthesized continuously and the other is synthesized discontinuously. When the DNA polymerase comes to an RNA primer on the DNA, it removes the primer and fills in the place with DNA nucleotides. 4. What is the origin of replication? An origin of replication is a sequence of DNA at which replication is initiated on a chromosome. 5. When does transcription stop? The process of ending transcription is called termination, and it happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence of DNA known as a terminator. 6. What is the advantage of the degeneracy of the genetic code? The advantage for typically that it although there may be a transformation within the codon, in the event that the change changes the codon to another codon which codes for the same amino corrosive, this anticipates against the change influencing the usefulness of the protein. 7. When does translation stop? End happens when a halt codon within the mRNA (UAA, UAG, or UGA) enters the A location. Halt codons are recognized by proteins called discharge variables, which fit flawlessly into the P location. 8. Why can translation begin before transcription is complete in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes? Because mRNA is produced in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes, the start codons of an mRNA being transcribed are available to ribosomes before the entire mRNA molecule is even made. 9.

BIO | 3011 | Microbio | homework | 1. What is the advantage of se

Zachary. Horr Environmental Science Assignment Chapter 6 10 points Write down answers to the following quesons. Be brief, but complete. Points are awarded on the basis of quality, not quanty. Read Chapter 6 (Human Populaon) in your book. Then brieﬂy answer the following quesons: 1. Explain the stages of the demographic transion. Do you think that this model will connue to be followed by developing naons? Why or why not? - There are 4 stages of demographic transion: pre-industrial stage, transional stage, industrial stage, and post-industrial stage. Pre- industrial both birth rate and death rate are high due to diseases, and infant mortality causing families to have more children to combat that. In the transional stage has declining death rates due to beer food producon and sanitaon, but birth rate connues to be high. During the industrial stage death rates connue to lower and birth rates also lower. This is due to job opportunies become more plenful for women. In the post-industrial stage birth rates and death rates are low and stabilized, due to the gains from the industrial stage. - I believe this model will connue as naons develop with maybe some minor changes due to religious and cultural diﬀerences in the now developing naons. As countries become developed their industrial and social capabilies will increase causing the same eﬀect that naons previously followed. 2. What is the total ferlity rate? How do some researchers think that soap operas possibly contributed to the reducon in total ferlity rate in Brazil? - Total ferlity rate is the amount of children one woman has in their lifeme. - The Brazilian soap operas typically depict middle to upper class families that are “ideal”. They show a strong female character that challenges the societal views, and oﬅen depict families that are small, one-two children. Since these programs are so popular across the naon almost everybody watches them, and subconsciously sees an ideal family as one that is smaller in size leading them to want that for themselves. 3. Describe two other factors that can reduce total ferlity rate. - Empowering women- As women are empowered and seek opportunies outside of the home it reduces the TFR by allowing women to make the decision on when they have children. This reduces the rate and oﬅen leads to beer care of the children. - As people become wealthier this also leads to a reducon in TFR. As populaons become wealthier they transion in to more urban environments. This in return leads to less

BIO | 1000 | Biology Foundations of Life | homework | Zachary. Horr Environmental Sc

Assignment 1 1. How are bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses distinguished on the basis of cellular structure? Through the 3 domain System. Bacteria are single celled prokaryotic organisms. Their DNA is not enclosed, and they have cell wall made of peptidoglycan and they contain flagella. Archaea are prokaryotes and have a cell wall, but they lack peptidoglycan. Fungi are eukaryotic, their nucleus has DNA. They could be uni multicellular. They have cell wall made of chitin. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes, they a cell membrane but not a cell wall they move using pseudopods, flagella, cilia. Algae are unicellular eukaryotes, but they have a cell wall made out of cellulose. Viruses are acellular and must have a host cell to survive and replicate. So, we see all these are distinguished on the basis of their domain. 2. Why was van Leeuwenhoek’s discovery so important? Because it led to microbiology, he was the first to observe microbes by using a microscope. 3. Why do you think the Golden Age of Microbiology occurred when it did? It occurred over a span of 60 years between 1857-1914 because of numerous discoveries that at this time led to the establishment of microbiology as a science. 4. Why do you think penicillin is no longer as effective as it once was? Emergence of new strains that are resistant, genetic changes in microbes allow them to tolerate antibiotics, also may even produce chemicals/enzymes that inactivate antibiotics. 5. How do you think parasitic worms survive and live off a human host? Worms could actively ingest human tissue or could absorb nutrients from the host’s intestinal contents. 6. Why is it important to identify streptococci quickly? It is important to identify Streptococci quickly as it quickly invades over the organs and damages it rapidly. It directly affects heart, nervous system, kidneys. 7. How does a biofilm’s protective barrier make it resistant to antibiotics? EPS does not allow them to penetrate. Bacteria shares genetic information like antibiotic resistance.

BIO | 3011 | Microbio | homework | Assignment 1 1. How are bacter

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