Microbiology

Cellular Respiration in Germinating Peas Please type your answers in a font/color that stands out from the questions 1. What is the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected through how they exchange the things they produce and are lacking in. Photosynthesis pushes out oxygen and glucose but needs carbon dioxide and water, something that respiration produces. In addition to the production of carbon dioxide and water, respiration needs oxygen and glucose which It can then get from photosynthesis. This creates a continuous cycle of exchange and production. 2. Why is potassium hydroxide added to the respirometer? Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is added to the respirometer in order to experimentally alter the creation of gases within it. 3. What is the respirometer actually measuring? A respirometer is created and used within this experiment in order “observe, measure, and compare the rate of cellular respiration”, this is in both germinating and dormant peas. Data Activity 1 1 Data Table 1 Sampl e Initial volum e (V i ) (mL) Final volume (VF) (mL) Total volume (V F – V i ) (mL) Germinating peas 25 34 9 Dormant peas + beads 25 35 10 Beads only 25 33 8 2 Activity 2 Data Table 2 Wate r temp . (°C) Time (min) Resp. #1 Volume in pipet Resp. #1 Change in volume Resp. #1 Correcte d volume change Resp. #2 Volume in pipet Resp. #2 Change in volume Resp. #2 Correcte d volume change Resp. #3 Volum e in pipet Resp. #3 Change in volume 24 0 0 8 7 0 6 6 0 6 24 5 4 7 9 1 8 7 4 3 24 10 6 6 10 3 6 9 6 2 23 15 7 5 10 5 6 10 7 1 23 20 8 4 11 7 5 12 7 1 1. Which of the respirometers serves as control? Explain your answer. The respirometer for the beads was deﬁnitely the control variable, this is because they are not living and are not actually plants like the peas. They do not take in any oxygen. 2. Assuming your experimental control measures worked, identify what variable(s) changed to bring about the observed change in volume (corrected change in volume in Table 1 and Table 2)? I believe the variable of time is what would potentially have to be altered so that there could be a diﬀerence in the volume measurements. 3 3. Summarize your results from your data tables. Compare the results from the respirometers containing germinating and dormant peas. Speculate about the cause(s) of any diﬀerence between the two pea samples, and explain your reasoning. As I conducted my experiment, the ﬁrst respirometer had the most elevated changes when it came to the volume measurements when compared with the second respirometer. Both of the lines have similar diﬀerences in their recorded data. The peas that were germinating were submerged in water for two days’ time before I conducted the experiment. The peas absorbed more oxygen because of their state of being organisms and being actual plants. The “dormant peas” were not able to do this. This explains the diﬀerence in the volume. Insert a picture of your experimental setup

BIOL | 3010 | Microbiology | lab | Cellular Respiration in Germin

Biology_3010_Exam_4_Part_B.docx-Biology 3010—Exam 4 Name: Troy Nguyen

CHAPTER 4 QUESTIONS CH4:Q:1 How do the planes of division determine the arrangement of cells? (pg. 74) Bacteria come in 3 shapes: coccus, bacilli, and spiral. Coccus bacteria are described as round. Based on the division, coccus bacteria maybe arranged by division in one plane (diplococcus), two planes (tetrads), or random planes (staphylococcus). CH4:Q:3 What is the diﬀerence between the term bacillus and Bacillus? (pg. 74) “Bacillus” or “bacilli” is a class of bacteria while “Bacillus” is a genus of bacteria. CH4:Q:4 What is the disnguishing feature of spirochete bacteria? (pg. 75) It is spiral shaped. CH4:Q:5 What are the common bacterial shapes? (pg. 75) Coccus, Bacilli, and Spiral. CH4:Q:9 How are endoﬂagella (axial ﬁlament) diﬀerent from ﬂagella? (pg. 79) They are incased in the outer membrane unlike typical ﬂagella. CH4:Q:10 Why are ﬁmbriae necessary for colonizaon? (pg. 80) Because they allow the bacteria to aach to its target cell. CH4:Q:12 What are the major structural diﬀerences between gram-posive and gram-negave cell walls? (pg. 82) Gram-Posive cell walls are constructed of thick layers of pepdoglycan, while Gram-Negave cell walls are constructed of thin layers of pepdoglycan. CH4:Q:14 What is the funcon of chromatophores? (pg. 87) To contain pigment for the cells/microorganisms to stand out. CH4:Q:15 How does simple diﬀusion diﬀer from facilitated diﬀusion? (pg. 88) Simple diﬀusion does not require ATP, while facilitated diﬀusion may/may not require energy from ATP. CH4:Q:16 Why are passive processes important to a cell? (pg. 87) They move materials across cellular membranes that can be beneﬁcial for the cell. CH4:Q:17 Why is osmosis important? (pg. 89) It involves the movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentraon to lower concentraon so the concentraon will become equal. CH4:Q:18 What is the importance of the diﬀerences between prokaryoc and eukaryoc ribosomes with regard to anbioc therapy? (pg. 91) Ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis in both prokaryoc and eukaryoc cells. They consist of ribosomal RNA and speciﬁc proteins. In prokaryoc cells, ribosomes are 70S type, divided into 50S and 30S. Anbiocs show eﬀect on protein synthesis inhibion. Anbiocs can aach to the 50S and 30S ribosomal agents, while eukaryoc ribosomes are not aﬀected. CH4:Q:19 How do magnetosomes behave like magnets? (pg. 92) Magnetosomes allow the cell to become mole and swim parallel or near magnec ﬁeld lines. CH4:Q:20 What properes make endospores resistant to processes that normally kill vegetave cells? (pg. 93)

BIOL | 3010 | Microbiology | question bank | CHAPTER 4 QUESTIONS CH4:Q:1 Ho

Exam 1 Assignment Aubree Nick Okek e BIOL3010 2/14/2021 CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS CH1:Q:1 How are bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses disnguished on the basis of cellular structure? (pg. 5) They are disnguished by the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. CH1:Q:2 Why was van Leeuwenhoek’s discovery so important? (pg. 7) He was one of the ﬁrst people to describe microorganisms in teeth, scraping, rainwater, etc. under a microscope and made detailed drawings. CH1:Q:3 Why do you think the Golden Age of Microbiology occurred when it did? (pg. 9) Because of the discoveries by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek with the microscope, this heightened an interest in the microbial world, as well as being at a me when virus and disease where at its peak. CH1:Q:4 Why do you think penicillin is no longer as eﬀecve as it once was? (pg. 11) Overme, there has been an emergence with new strands that are resistant to the drug, as well as genec changes and mutaons in microbes that tolerate the anbioc. CH1:Q:5 How do you think parasic worms survive and live oﬀ a human host? (pg. 13) Parasites can ingest the human ssue or absorb nutrients directly from the human intesnes. CH1:Q:6 Why is it important to idenfy streptococci quickly? (pg. 13) It is a rapidly growing bacterium. CH1:Q:7 How does a bioﬁlm’s protecve barrier make it resistant to anbiocs? (pg. 17) It acts as a protecve barrier. Extracellular polymeric substances do not allow the anbiocs to penetrate the bacteria. Bacteria can share its genec informaon for protecon from inhibitors such as anbioc resistance. CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONS CH3:Q:1 What is the total magniﬁcaon of a compound light microscope with objecves lens magniﬁcaon of 40X and ocular lens of 10X? (pg. 53) The total magniﬁcaon is 400X. CH3:Q:2 Why is immersion oil necessary at 1000X but not with the lower power objecves? (pg. 55) This is because of the refracon index between light and air. Higher power is more curave than lower power in a light microscopy. CH3:Q:3 What are the advantages of brighield, darkﬁeld, and phase-contrast microscopy? (pg. 56) Exam 1 Assignment Aubree Nick Okek e BIOL3010 2/14/2021 Brighield Microscopy allows us to see darker specimen under lightened ﬁeld. Darkﬁeld Microscopy allows us to see lighter specimen under a darker ﬁeld. Phase-contrast microscopy shows diﬀerences in refracve index as diﬀerence in contrast. CH3:Q:5 Why won’t other bacteria ﬂuoresce in the FTTA-ABS test? (pg. 57) They are not the same bacterium. CH3:Q:8 What is the principal use of SAM? (pg. 59) Uses focused sound to invesgate/observe microorganisms. CH3:Q:9 How do TEM and SEM images of the same organism diﬀer? (pg. 60) SEM creates an image of an organism by detecng reﬂected electrons, while TEM uses transmied electrons to propose an image. CH3:Q:10 What is the principle employed in scanned-probe microscopy? (pg. 61) It uses various types of physical probes to examine specimens. CH3:Q: 11 How can the Gram reacon be useful in prescribing anbioc treatment? (pg. 65) Because it can help the doctor determine if you are having an infecon by examining the bacteria that may cause it. CH3:Q:12 Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis easily idenﬁed by the acid-fast stain? (pg. 67) This type of Tuberculosis has a lipoid capsule that has a high molecular weight as well as being waxy at room temperature. This makes the microorganism stand out when in water soluons. CH3:Q:13 Of what value are capsules, endospores, and ﬂagella to bacteria? (pg. 68) Bacterial capsules are made up of glycocalyx, which can provide a barrier. Endospores make it diﬃcult to penetrate the bacteria, providing it a protecve coat. Flagella allows the bacteria to have movement towards/away smuli.

BIOL | 3010 | Microbiology | homework | Exam 1 Assignment Aubree Nick 

Survey of Plant and Animal Cells Please type your answers in a font/color that stands out from the questions 1. What are some diﬀerences you expect to see between plant and animal cells? The biggest diﬀerence that I am expecting to see between plant and animals is the shape and the size of some of the structures such as the vacuoles and nucleus. 2. What is the purpose of the crystal violet in this activity? The purpose of the crystal violet is to stain the cell structure so that we are able to see it clearly and with a more vivid depiction. 1 Photo 1 Insert the onion slide photos from Activity 1. 2 Photo 2 Insert the cheek cell slide photos from Activity 2. 3 Activity 3 1. What similarities do you see in the cell types? Although my cheek cells were diﬃcult to ﬁnd to where it was diﬃcult to take a clear and close-up picture, the cells were similar in that they were contained (animal cells within a circular cell membrane and plant within rectangular cell walls. The nucleus is something that is easier to see in both cells and can be identiﬁed the easiest. 2. What diﬀerences do you see? The shape, like I previously thought, was diﬀerent shapes. The Onion slide, representing the plant in this experiment, had depicted blocky shapes as the cells. The walls were thick and “formal” while the cheek cells are scattered on the slide.

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