Anatomy

Genetics

Principles of Biology II

Chapter 11 Review Quesons 1. True or false: a. The process of creang a replicaon fork does not require ATP. i. False, it requires ATP 2. True or false: a. DNA adenine methyltransferase methylates the GATC sites on both daughter strands. i. False, DNA Adenine Methyltransferase (DAM) methylates both the parental strands 3. Which strand is methylated? a. The GATC sites on the parental strands 4. True or false: a. As soon as the daughter strand is replicated, it is methylated. i. False, it takes serveral minutes before they are methylated 5. Why is a second round of replicaon blocked? a. Because the new DNA is not methylated 6. True or false: a. DNA helicase separates the two DNA strands by breaking the ionic bonds between them. i. False, it is breaking of the Hydrogen Bonds 7. What causes posive supercoiling ahead of the replicaon fork? a. The breaking of the hydrogen bonds This study resource was shared via CourseHero.com 8. True or false: a. Topoisomerase II travels ahead of Helicase in DNA replicaon by inducing posive supercoiling. i. True, Topo II alleviate the tensions 9. What keeps the two strands apart aﬅer separaon? a. Single-Strand Binding Protein 10. What would happen SSBPs were absent? a. The single strands would re-form as a double-strand 11. The RNA primer is composed of how many nucleodes? a. 10-12 12. Which strand has mulple primers and which has single? a. Lagging Strand has mulple primers b. Leading Strand has a single primer 13. What removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA primers a. DNA Poly I 14. True or false: a. DNA pol I replaces the RNA primers and covalently links the new DNA nucleodes. i. False 15. What direcon does DNA polymerase move along the template strand of DNA? a. 5’ to 3’ 16. True or false: a. E. Coli uses ﬁve (I, II, III, IV, V) proteins with polymerase acvity. i. True 17. Which DNA polymerase are associated with repair and replicaon, and which are associated with normal replicaon? a. DNA Polymerase I and III are associated with normal replicaon b. DNA Polymerase II, IV, and V are associated with repair and replicaon 18. True or false: a. DNA pol III has 14 subunits. i. False, it has 10 19. What would happen if the DNA pol III was absent of the gamma or delta subunit? a. The Theta θ helps with proof reading in the Pol III b. Gamma γ helps clamping the protein to the DNA 20. What problems could occur if the epsilon subunit was missing in DNA pol III? a. Epsilon ε helps removing mismatched nucleodes, so without it, the mismatch may cause a mutaon 21. How many polypepdes are in DNA pol I? a. A SINGLE

BIO | 3400 | Genetics | study guides | Chapter 11 Review Quesons 1. 

Mary Madison Garner Review - Chapter 17 - Blood 1. Coagulation is a series of reactions in which procoagulants clotting factors activate one another and result in the formation of a network of insoluble ﬁbrin threads. 2. Most of these clotting factors are plasma proteins synthesized by the liver . 3. 4. Four of these clotting factors require Vitamin K for their synthesis. Name the four clotting factors that require this vitamin. II, VII, IX, X 5. Coagulation is initiated by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. 6. Deﬁne thrombus, embolus, and embolism. Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel (may block circulation leading to tissue death) Embolus: thrombus that breaks away and ﬂoats freely in bloodstream. Embolism: embolus obstructs a vessel (pulmonary embolism impairs O2 availability; cerebral embolism causes stroke) 7. List some risk factors for thrombus formation. - injured or roughened vascular endothelium -slowly ﬂowing blood/ blood stasis/ poor circulation -dehydration  increased viscosity 8. Aspirin, heparin, and warfarin are anticoagulant drugs . 9. Deﬁne thrombocytopenia and petechiae. Thrombocytopenia-decreased number of circulation platelets Petechiae-(small, purplish spots) due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage 10.How does impaired liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis) function aﬀect blood clotting or cause bleeding disorders? -inability to synthesize clotting factors -inability to produce bile -leads to Vitamin K deﬁciency (factors II, VII, IX, X) 11.Hemophilia is caused by deﬁciency of Factor VIII . 12.Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. ABO: Types A, B AB, and O; based on presence or absence of A or B antigens on surface of RBCs; preformed anti-A or Anti- B antibodies (agglutinins) Rh: 52 named Rh agglutinogens; C, D, E are most common; Rh + indicates presence of D antigen (85% of Americans are Rh+, 15% of Americans are Rh-) Rh negative do not have Rh antigen on their RBCs, do not have Rh antibodies but can produce them after being exposed for the ﬁrst time—takes months to do. 13.What causes a transfusion reaction? Agglutinated RBCs can block blood vessels and damage organs 14.Deﬁne agglutination. RBCs clump together 15.Know the blood types that can be donated and received by each blood group. Be able to determine if a transfusion reaction will occur. Type A- can donate to types A & AB Type B- can donate to types B & AB Type Ab- can donate to type AB Type O- can donate to types A, B, AB, & O Recipient A: Donor A- no Donor B- yes Donor AB- yes Donor O- no Recipient B: Donor A- yes Donor B- no Donor AB- yes Donor O- no Recipient AB: Donor A- no Donor B- no Donor AB- no Donor O- no Recipient O: Donor A- yes Donor B- yes Donor AB- yes Donor O- no 16.The “universal donor” is type O , and the “universal recipient” is type AB . 17.In relation to Rh Factor, most Americans are Rh positive . 18.When is Rh Factor a problem? Why is it not always a problem? Rh negative recipient + Rh positive donor -no transfusion reaction ﬁrst time: recipient’s body will produce Rh antibodies over a period of weeks to months after exposure. -second transfusion of Rh-positive donor blood  transfusion reaction

BIO | 2111 | Anatomy | study guides | Mary Madison Garner Review - C

Mary Madison Garner Review - Chapter 17 - Blood 1- What type tissue is blood? CONNECTIVE TISSUE 2- Describe the major components of whole blood. Plasma (the liquid portion), blood cells (RBCs & WBCs), and cell fragments (platelets). 3- List the three formed elements of blood, giving both the common and scientiﬁc names. -Erythrocytes (red blood cells/ RBCs) -Leukocytes (white blood cells/ WBCs) -Platelets (cell fragments/ “thrombocytes”) 4- If blood is centrifuged, it separates into three layers. List the three layers and the average percentage of each layer. PLASMA (ON TOP- 55%) ERYTHROCYTES (ON BOTTOM- 45%) WBCs & PLATELETS (IN MIDDLE- <1%) 5- What is the hematocrit? What is a normal value? PERCENT OF BLOOD VOLUME CONSISTING OF RBCs 47% +/- 5% FOR MALES 42% +/- 5% FOR FEMALES 6- What is the “buﬀy coat?” WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs) & PLATELETS IN THE MIDDLE (<1%) 7- The average human blood volume is 5 liters or 8 percent of body weight. Blood is more viscous than water and is slightly alkaline with a pH of approximately _ 7.35- 7.45 _. 8- List eight functions of blood. *distribution or transportation of substances: -oxygen and nutrients to body cells -carbon dioxide and metabolic waste away from body cells -hormones to target organs *regulation and homeostasis: -body temperature (absorbing and distributing heat) -normal pH (blood proteins and buﬀers) -ﬂuid volume and eﬃcient circulation (blood protein/osmosis) *protection: -from blood loss (platelets, clotting proteins) -from infection (WBCs, antibodies, completion proteins) 9- Describe the composition of plasma. Non-living ﬂuid matrix (ﬁbers visible only during clotting) 10-Which plasma solutes make up 8% of plasma? Plasma proteins (contribute to osmotic pressure and maintain water balance in blood and tissues) Which organ produces most of these molecules? Liver (except hormones and gamma globulins) List some of the functions of these molecules. Contribute to osmotic pressure and maintain water balance in blood and tissues; as well as transport, enzymatic, etc. 11-The osmotic pressure of blood is maintained mainly by albumin that make up 60% of plasma proteins. 12-Is the following statement true or false? If false, explain. “The formed elements of blood are cells.” True. 13-Describe the structure and function of erythrocytes. -Small size, biconcave shape, anucleate discs (no nucleus), no mitochondria (produces ATP by anaerobic mechanisms), no organelles, salmon-colored, diameter 7-8, ﬁlled with (97%) hemoglobin for gas transport -Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide -Major factor contributing to blood viscosity 14-A normal RBC count is 4-6 million RBCs/microliter. 15-What structural characteristics of RBCs contribute to their ability to transport O 2 and CO 2 ? Filled with (bags) of hemoglobin (Hb) for gas transport 16-What molecule allows RBCs to transport O 2 and CO 2 ? Hemoglobin Describe the structure of this molecule. -Red heme pigment + globin protein -Hemoglobin consists of globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and four heme groups. -Iron atom in center of each heme gives blood its red color. 17-The production of red blood cells is called erythropoiesis . 18-List three nutrients that are necessary for RBC production. Amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates (along with: Iron, (needed for hemoglobin synthesis), Vitamin B12 & folic acid (necessary for DNA synthesis for rapidly dividing cells), and Vitamin C & Copper (serve as enzyme cofactors for hemoglobin synthesis) 19- Explain the hormonal control of erythropoiesis. -Release erythropoietin in response to hypoxia (low O2) RBCs increase  so oxygen levels increase 20-List some conditions that might stimulate erythropoiesis. -erythropoietin (EPO)

BIO | 2111 | Anatomy | lecture notes | Mary Madison Garner Review - C

Chapter 11 Review Quesons 1. What is DNA replicaon a. Is the process by which the genec material is copied 2. Which strands are used as templates in DNA replicaon? a. The original DNA strands are used as template strands 3. What are the enzymes that you would see near the replicaon fork? a. Topoisomerase II and Helicase 4. What were the three diﬀerent mechanisms proposed for replicaon of DNA? i. Conservave – Both parental strand are present aﬅer DNA replicaon ii. Semiconservave – The double strand DNA contains parental and daughter strands iii. Dispersive – Parental and daughter DNA segments are spread out in both strands b. Which mechanism stood true? i. Semiconservave Model stood true c. Explain this mechanism. i. In the double strand DNA, the parental and daughter are present 5. In Meselson and Stahl’s experiment, what would the 3 rd generaon show? a. 6. Deﬁne these terms: a. DnaA Proteins – Bind to DnaA box sequences within the origin to iniate DNA replicaon b. DnaC Proteins – Aid DnaA in the recruitment of DNA helicase to the origin c. DnaB proteins – (DNA Helicase) separates the double-strand DNA d. Topoisomerase II – (DNA Gyrase) removes posive supercoiling ahead of the replicaon e. Topoisomerase I – Relaxes negave supercoiling f. Single-strand binding proteins – Bind to the single strand DNA and prevent it from re- forming a double stranded structure g. Primase – Synthesizes short RNA Primers h. DNA pol III - Creates the complementary pairs for the leading and lagging strands i. DNA pol I - Removes the RNA Primer, ﬁlls the gaps with DNA j. DNA ligase – Covalently aaches the Okazaki fragments k. Tus – Binds to the ter sequences and prevents the advancement of the replicaon fork (stops replicaon) l. Ter – terminaon sequence 7. What are the three steps of replicaon? a. Iniaon b. Elongaon c. Terminaon 8. Dna synthesis begins at this locaon. a. Origin of Replicaon 9. How many origins of replicaons do bacteria have? a. Bacteria has ONE 10. What does it mean to synthesis DNA bidireconally? a. Going two opposite direcons 11. How many replicaon forks are in bacterial DNA replicaon? a. Two Replicaon forks 12. True or false: a. DNA replicaon ends when the replicaon fork meets the T3 Ter. i. FALSE 13. The origin of replicaon in E. Coliis also known as the a. Ori b. OriC – Origin of Chromosomal Replicaon c. OriA d. OriB 14. What three types of DNA sequences are in the OriC? i. AT-Rich Region ii. DnaA boxes iii. GATC Methylaon Sites b. Explain why these are important. i. DNA replicaon is iniated by the binding of DnaA proteins to the DnaA boxes, the AT-Rich region allows for the Helicase to break it more easily because there is less H-bonding and the GATC Methylaon sites needs to ensure that one round of DNA replicaon occurs 15. What are the addional proteins that cause the DNA to bend in the AT rich regions? a. HU and IHF 16. What protein starts replicang the DNA and what protein assists it? a. DNA Helicase (DnaB protein) and DnaC protein 17. How many subunits are in the DnaB Protein that start replicaon? a. DnaB which is DNA Helicase has 6 subunites

Chapter 7 Review Quesons 1. Bacteria and viruses account for how many of human deaths worldwide? a. A third of human death 2. The allelic diﬀerences in bacteria are oﬅen what? a. They are oﬅen Haploid 3. Why is it easier to idenfy loss of funcon mutaons in bacteria than in eukaryotes? a. Because they have only 1 copy of each gene 4. Describe the reproducon of bacteria a. Asexually 5. Regarding the last queson, crosses cannot be used, instead, researchers rely on what to describe allelic diﬀerences? a. Genec Transfer 6. What is genec transfer? a. Is a process by which one bacterium transfer genec material to another bacterium 7. What are the three ways to transfer genec material in prokaryotes? a. Conjugaon b. Transducon c. Transformaon 8. Brieﬂy describe the diﬀerences between them. a. Conjugaon – Requires direct contact b. Transducon – Involves a virus c. Transformaon – Involves uptake of DNA fragments from the environment 9. What is an auxotroph? a. When a strain that cannot synthesize a parcular nutrient, and needs that nutrient to be supplemented in its growth 10. What is a prototroph? a. Does not need nutrient in its growth because it can make all their nutrients from basic components in environment 11. What is a U-tube? a. This is an apparatus and it contains a ﬁlter at the boom which allows genec material pass through but not cells 12. What did Bernard Davis show? a. He showed that in Conjugaon to transfer DNA from one bacterium to another requires direct cell-to-cell contact 13. The diﬀerence between donor cells and recipient cells are? a. Donor Cells = F+ b. Recipient Cells = F- 14. What is an F factor? a. It’s the Plasmid (Extra-Chromosomal DNA, outside of the chromosome DNA) 15. Plasmid is the general term used to describe what? a. Extra-Chromosomal DNA 16. Describe a Plasmid’s structure? a. Circular, although some are linear 17. Plasmids that can integrate into the chromosome are called…? a. Episomes (F factor can integrate) 18. Plasmids that are transmied via conjugaon are termed? a. Conjugave Plasmids 19. The ﬁrst step in conjugaon is… a. The contact between donor and recipient cells 20. Conjugaon is mediated by Sex Pili (or F pili) which are made by F+ strains 21. What do the pili act as? a. Act as aachment sites for the F- bacteria 22. Once contact is made, what happens? a. The Pili is shorten and the Donor and Recipient cells are drawn closer together 23. What forms between the two cells? a. A Conjugaon Bridge 24. The successful contact smulates the donor cell to what? a. Begins the Transfer Process 25. What is the exporter? a. The exporter acts as a pump that pumps the DNA/Relaxase complex into the recipient cell 26. What is the role of the relaxosome? a. It makes a cut at the origin of transfer and begins to separate the DNA strands 27. Relaxosome proteins do what? a. Begins to separate the DNA Strands Lyc Replicave Cycle 1. Viral genome enters host cell 2. Viral genome is transcribed; viral proteins are produced 3. Viral genome is replicated 4. Parcles assemble inside host 5. Parcles exit to exterior 6. Free parcles in ssue or environment are transmied to new host Lysogenic Replicaon cycle 1. Viral genome enters host cell 2. Viral genome integrates into host cell genome 3. Host-cell DNA polymerase copies chromosome 4. A) cell divides. Virus is transmied to daughter cells a. At any point aﬅer integraon, the virus may acvate the replicave cycle. Q: what is the diﬀerence between virulent phages and temperate phages? a) Virulent phages only undergo a lyc cycle and this infecon results in the death of the host cell b) Temperate phages can follow both cycles and this infecon does not produce new phages nor it kills the host bacterial cell What are the two phages that can transfer bacterial DNA? a. P22, which infects Salmonella Typhimurium

All courses in BIO

Popular Documents