Introduction to Biology II

Anatomy and Physiology I

Anatomy and Physiology

Item 1 Part A Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. True False Submit My Answers Give Up Correct A Item 2 Part A Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels? pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal Submit My Answers Give Up Correct The parathyroid glands secrete PTH, which increases blood calcium levels. C Item 3 Part A Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by ______. hyposecretion of dopamine negative feedback by gonadotropins on the anterior pituitary hypersecretion of milk negative feedback by PIH (prolactin-inhibiting hormone) on the anterior pituitary Submit My Answers Give Up Correct Dopamine functions as a prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone (PIH). A Item 4 Part A What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane? charged protein-based lipid-soluble bound to a protein complex Submit My Answers Give Up Correct Hormones that are lipid-soluble can dissolve through the plasma membrane. C Item 5 Part A Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces? zona fasciculata: catecholemines medulla: glucocorticoids zona reticularis: aldosterone zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids Submit My Answers Give Up Correct The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids D Item 6 Part A The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland. True False Submit My Answers Give Up Correct The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the pituitary gland, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland. B Item 7 Part A What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress? corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) angiotensin II atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Submit My Answers Give Up Correct Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary modulates the release of aldosterone. The term tropic refers to a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland. B Item 8 Part A Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone? adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone prolactin thyroid-stimulating hormone Submit My Answers Give Up Correct Thyroid -stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid to release the hormone thyroxin, which increases metabolism in the body. D Item 9 Part A What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs? somatotropins somatostatins tropins growth hormones Submit My Answers Give Up Correct

BIO | 234 | Anatomy and Physiology I | assessment | Item 1 Part A Both "turn on" f

What do PAS and Feulgen have in common they both use Schiﬀ reagent to create the color at the end they are a shade purple (caused by schiﬀ reagent) what’s diﬀerent is the preparatory steps whether periodic acid to open up di-aldehyde is polysaccharide or hot hydrochloric acid to open up di-aldehyde in deoxyribose Fast green is stained green for protein PAS stain for Polysaccharide is stained reddish purple Feulgen stain for DNA located in the nucleus is stained more blueish purple Where is protein localize in the cell? Everywhere In microbiology all negavely charged are called acid stains and they stain posively charged proteins DNA purple localized in the nuclear zone - Does the fact that you see a parcular component at one locaon mean that it is the only place in the cell where that material is present? Explain the answer is it’s the place where the material is concentrate there maybe smaller amounts elsewhere - Why are diﬀerent stains or chemical reagents needed for the diﬀerent components of the cells? They react diﬀerently because they are chemically diﬀerent. So that’s why we need diﬀerent stains - Methylene blue stains both RNA and DNA. Predict what an animal cell would look like if it were stained with this reagent. Draw a labeled diagram. Feulgen reagent will only stain DNA. Draw a labeled diagram of an animal cell stained with this reagent. There’s a lil more color in the nucleus its more contrast. Methylene blue stains both rna and DNA therefor the whole cell is blue parts dark blue other parts light blue. Feulgen only stain just the nucleus so you only get a purple nucleus The principal of autoradiography auto = by itself, radio = from radioacve, graphy = wring (making a picture) so means something radioacve making its own picture. In high resoluon u can somemes see the PAS stains as granules behind the macronucleus and these are call glycogen spurls granules Signal to noise rao in other words u seeing bright stains in glycogen granules on a pale background and how well you can see it depend on the signal to noise rao. Fresh stain granules are bright compare to the background Is stain are old the contrast will be diﬀerent (less) u will have more trouble to see the granules All the steps with water and bleaching is to remove background, it reduces the color of the background. So signal to noise raon apply to all the stain and why we want fresh stain so we can see an intense background color Glycogen is made in the smooth ER transported into the granules and store in the granules Whatever u see in a stain its telling you where the macromolecules is concentrated Histone protein are made in the cytoplasm If you see something in one place doesn’t mean it was made there. If u grown cell in C14 leucine (which is radioacve) the ﬁrst few minutes nothing will happen the leucine is used to make protein then later it will precipitate become part of the cell remnants With stain u see where a molecule is concentrated a stain like PAS tells u where there’s a lot of polysaccharide Stain is like a snapshot in me like at me moment there are a lot of polysaccharide at this locaon Stain that stain DNA the Feulgen stain tells u where there is a lot of DNA  in the nucleus But none of those tell you where or when the material was recently made whether or not it was transported from one place to another To track what the cell is metabolically doing like is it actually making polysaccharide right now u can give it a radioacve precursor for a ﬁx me rinse it out the radio acvity then ﬁx it then us autoradiography n see whether within that interval u exposed it if is was making any polymer or not The reason for Autoradiography in an experiment are to see whether a certain polymer is being made and if you do a pulse chase where it is made

BIO | 202 | Introduction to Biology II | lab | What do PAS and Feulgen have i

Question 1 Which of these is a type of phagocyte? Is it A) neutrophils or B) lymphocytes? The answer is A) Neutrophils. Neutrophils are a type of phagocyte. T cells are a type of lymphocyte. Question 2 The immunity with which you were born is referred to as what? Is it A) Innate or B) Adaptive? The answer is A) Innate. Innate means natural to your body. Question 3 Which white blood cells are associated with adaptive immunity? Is it A) the reticulocytes or B) the lymphocytes? The answer is B) the lymphocytes. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells. Question 4 Which type of immunity includes the skin? Is it A) Innate or B) Specific? The answer is A) Innate. Since you are born with your skin already on, it is an innate defense. Question 5 On which cells are Class Two MHC proteins found? Is it A) antigen-presenting cells or B) all your other cells? The answer is A) antigen-presenting cells. Class One MHC proteins are found on your other cells. Question 6 Which lymphocytes produce antibodies? Is it A) the B lymphocytes or B) the T lymphocytes? The answer is A) the B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes attack pathogens directly. Question 7 Are vaccines associated with A) the primary response by the immune system or B) the secondary response of the immune system? The answer is A) the primary response of the immune system. A low level of exposure helps your immune system to combat a subsequent infection faster. Question 8 When a T cell becomes mature enough to attack pathogens is it called A) immunocompromised or B) immunocompetent? The answer is B) immunocompetent. This means that a T cell has surface receptors used to identify specific antigen fragments.

BIO | 235 | Anatomy and Physiology | homework | Question 1 Which of these is a

Immune System: Immune System Overview quiz Pathogens are classified according to size. Which of the following is the smallest? Viruses 2. The skin would be classified as which type of defense? Innate external defense 3. Which of the following defenses identify enemies by recognizing a limited number of markers unique to pathogens? Innate internal defenses 4.Which of the following defenses identify just one specific bacterium, virus, etc.? Adaptive defenses 5.Which of the following defenses use memory in order to recognize a specific invader? Adaptive defenses 6. The special shape that a lymphocyte identifies is called the: antigenic determinant. 7.What cells make antibodies? Plasma B cells 8.The adaptive defense system includes: B and T cells. 9. A cell that has been invaded by a virus would be attacked by which of the following cells? Your Answer: T cells 10. If a pathogen is located in the extracellular fluid, which type of immunity would be activated? Humoral

BIO | 235 | Anatomy and Physiology | assessment | Immune System: Immune System O

1. Name and describe the funcon of the diﬀerent types of intercellular juncons? . Tight or occluding juncons : happens when 2 membranes actually bond into 1. This seal consist of the transmembrane proteins caudin and occluding. It makes a very strong barrier btw two cells. . Tight Juncons form solid walls. . Adherent or anchoring juncons. Including desmosomes and hemidesmosomes : they physically connect cells like the gap juncon, but no opening is created. . You will ﬁnd desmosomes in your skin cells, all those protein hold skin together . The distance btw the cells however small is ~ 10x wider than the gap juncon connecons. . Cadherins are proteins that aach desmosomes to one another. . Gap juncons : when 2 cells are right next to each other, their cell membrane may actually be touching. Gap juncon is an opening from one cell to another, large enough for cytoplasm to move from one cell to another. 2. What is an extracellular matrix ECM? . It’s made up of proteins and carbohydrates . Collagen major components of ECM ECM funcons in support, adhesion, movement, and regulaon 2.1 What is a cell wall? . Plant cell walls are made of cellulose ﬁber embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins. 2.2. How do they diﬀer? A plant cell wall provides structural support for the cell and, collecvely, for the plant body. In addion to giving support, the ECM of an animal cell allows for communicaon of environmental changes into the cell 3. describe the three diﬀerent types of ﬁbers that make up the cytoskeleton: Microﬁlaments or acn – the thinnest of the 3 main types of ﬁbers that make up the cytoskeleton. Aid in cell movement and transport of vesicles . Microtubules -- The thickest of the three main ﬁbers that make up the cytoskeleton; a hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins; found in cilia and ﬂagella. There funcon is to shape and support the cell. Help the cell resist compression forces Intermediate ﬁlaments -- They are rope like made up of ﬁbrous proteins. There funcon is to reinforce cell shape and to anchor certain organelles. Bear tension and maintain cell shape Mitochondria. It is where ATP, the cell's main energy-carrying molecule, is generated. 4. How cytoskeleton ﬁbers result in molity? Cytoskeleton which not only supports the plasma membrane and gives the cell an overall shape, but also aids in the correct posioning of organelles, provides tracks for the transport of vesicles, and allows the cell to move. 5. What is the endomembrane system and who is part of it? In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reculum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes, and plasma (cell) membrane among others 6. Describe the pathway of a protein from synthesis through the endomembrane system. Proteins desned to be secreted move through the secretory pathway in the following order: rough ER → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisternae → secretory or transport vesicles → cell surface (exocytosis). Small transport vesicles bud oﬀ from the ER and fuse to form the cis-Golgi reculum. 7. Why are cells so small? Cells are so lile, so they can maximize their rao of surface area to volume. Cells are so small because they need to be able to get the nutrients in and the waste out quickly 8. The role of the nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nucleolus, nuclear matrix, nuclear pores, and ribosomes??? . Nucleus – control gene expressions and mediate the replicaon of DNA during the cell cycle

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