How things work

Physics

______ A) as part of the operation of the condenser. B) in the electric generators. C) in the University Chancellor's oﬀice. D) at the point where the energy from the furnace is transferred into the boiler. E) at the point where the hot steam pushes against the turbine. 59) In the operation of a steam-electric generating plant, the work output [from thermal energy to work] occurs 59) ______ A) at the point where the hot steam pushes against the turbine. B) in the electric generators. C) at the point where the energy from the furnace is transferred into the boiler. D) in the condenser. E) at the point where the fossil or other fuel is shipped into the plant area. 60) Large curved cooling towers can often be seen at 60) ______ A) steam-electric power plants. B) nuclear power plants. C) Both of the above. D) hydro-electric plants. E) All of the above. 61) Large amounts of material can often be seen rising from the cooling towers often seen at steam-electric power plants. These emissions are mostly 61) ______ A) soot. B) radioactive waste. C) carbon dioxide. D) oxides of sulfur. E) water vapor, i.e., steam. 62) Nuclear and fossil fuel generating plants diﬀer in their need for a 62) ______ A) condenser. B) smoke-stack. C) cooling lake or tower. D) boiler. E) All of the above. 63) About how much CO 2 comes out of the stack of a coal-burning plant that consumes one ton of coal? 63) ______ A) Anywhere from 1 ton to about 10 tons, depending on the design of the plant. B) None, because the CO 2 is precipitated as a solid. C) About 3 tons. D) About 1 ton. E) Much less than one ton. 64) "Smokestacks" [i.e., the tall stacks] attached to many electric generating plants emit mostly 64) ______ A) cow dung. B) oxides of sulfur. C) water vapor. D) soot. E) carbon dioxide. 65) Which of the following best represents the energy transformations in a coal-ﬁred electric power plant? 65) ______ A) chemical ⇒ kinetic ⇒ thermal ⇒ electromagnetic B) gravitational ⇒ kinetic ⇒ electromagnetic C) radiant ⇒ kinetic ⇒ electromagnetic ⇒ thermal D) electromagnetic ⇒ thermal ⇒ kinetic E) chemical ⇒ thermal ⇒ kinetic ⇒ electromagnetic 66) Which of the following is not a possible energy source for a steam-electric generating plant? 66) ______ A) wood B) solar energy C) ﬁssionable material such as uranium D) fossil fuels E) All of the above are possible energy sources. 67) Which of the following is the main reason for the fact that hydroelectric power plants are far more eﬀicient than coal-ﬁred electric power plants? 67) ______ A) Since the hydroelectric plant is not a heat engine, it is not restricted by the second law of thermodynamics. B) Hydroelectric plants have far fewer moving parts. C) The law of conservation of energy tells us that heat engines, such as hydroelectric plants, are more eﬀicient than other forms of energy conversion. D) Coal is only partially combustible, due to the presence of large amounts of impurities. E) Actually, hydroelectric plants are not signiﬁcantly more eﬀicient than coal-ﬁred plants. 68) Which type of generating plant would you expect to be more energy eﬀicient, steam-electric or hydroelectric? 68) ______ A) Hydroelectric, because there is so much energy in a large lake raised up behind a dam. B) Steam-electric, because there is so much more energy per ton in fossil fuels than in water behind a dam.

PHYS | 100 | How things work | assessment | __ A) as part of the opera

6-10 Chapter 6 6.37. I DENTIFY and S ET U P : The magnitude of the work done by x F equals the area under the x F versus x curve. The work is positive when x F and the displacement are in the same direction; it is negative when they are in opposite directions. E XECUTE : (a) x F is positive and the displacement x Δ is positive, so 0. W > 1 2 (2.0 N)(2.0 m) (2.0 N)(1.0 m) 4.0 J W = + =

PHYS | 1 | Physics | lecture notes | 6-10 Chapter 6 6.37. I DENTIFY

Chapter 32 Interference and Diffraction ........................................................................................... 518 Chapter 33 Relativity ........................................................................................................................... 536 Chapter 34 Particles and Waves ........................................................................................................ 548 Chapter 35 Quantum Mechanics ....................................................................................................... 562 Chapter 36 Atomic Physics ................................................................................................................ 571 Chapter 37 Molecules and Solids ...................................................................................................... 580 Chapter 38 Nuclear Physics ............................................................................................................... 585 Chapter 39 From Quarks to the Cosmos .......................................................................................... 606 UPLOADED BY AHMAD T JUNDI Chapter 1 Doing Physics 1.1 Conceptual Questions 1) The current definition of the standard meter of length is based on A) the distance between the earth ʹ s equator and north pole. B) the distance between the earth and the sun. C) the distance traveled by light in a vacuum. D) the length of a particular object kept in France. Answer: C 2) The current definition of the standard second of time is based on A) the frequency of radiation emitted by cesium atoms. B) the earth ʹ s rotation rate. C) the duration of one year. D) the oscillation of a particular pendulum kept in France. Answer: A 3) The current definition of the standard kilogram of mass is based on A) the mass of the earth. B) the mass of the sun. C) the mass a particular object kept in France. D) the mass of a cesium ‐ 133 atom. Answer: C 4) If a woman weighs 125 lb, her mass expressed in kilograms is x kg, where x is A) less than 125. B) greater than 125. Answer: A 5) If a tree is 15 m tall, its height expressed in feet is x ft, where x is A) less than 15. B) greater than 15. Answer: B 6) If a flower is 6.5 cm wide, its width expressed in millimeters is x mm, where x is A) less than 6.5. B) greater than 6.5. Answer: B 7) If an operatic aria lasts for 5.75 min, its length expressed in seconds is x s, where x is A) less than 5.75. B) greater than 5.75. Answer: B 8) Scientists use the metric system chiefly because it is more accurate than the English system. A) True B) False Answer: B 1 Coyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. UPLOADED BY AHMAD T JUNDI

PHYS | 1 | Physics | lecture notes | Chapter 32 Interference and Di

Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The two great theories of 20th-century physics are the theory of relativity and 1) _______ A) quantum theory. B) Hamiltonian mechanics. C) electromagnetism. D) thermodynamics. E) the bootstrap theory of elementary particles. 2) The two great theories of 20th-century physics are quantum theory and 2) _______ A) Hamiltonian mechanics. B) the theory of relativity. C) thermodynamics. D) the bootstrap theory of elementary particles. E) electromagnetism. 3) The post-Newtonian age began in 1900 when 3) _______ A) Michelson declared the Newtonian age was over. B) Einstein introduced the special theory of relativity. C) Einstein introduced the general theory of relativity. D) Max Planck introduced the quantum of energy. E) Maxwell introduced electromagnetic waves. 4) During his public school and university days, Einstein could best be described as 4) _______ A) a nonconforming and daydreaming student. B) a mediocre but hardworking student. C) a good but not outstanding student. D) a child prodigy who attracted teachers' admiration. E) an excellent and hardworking student. 5) The two major physical theories of the 20th century are 5) _______ A) superconductivity and the theory of light. B) electromagnetic theory and quantum theory. C) the theory of relativity and electromagnetic theory. D) electromagnetic theory and the theory of gravity. E) quantum theory and the theory of relativity. 6) The two great theories of 20th-century physics are 6) _______ A) high energy physics and the theory of relativity. B) electromagnetism and the theory of relativity. C) the theory of relativity and quantum theory. D) quantum theory and electromagnetism. E) thermodynamics and electromagnetism. 7) Velma is in a train moving north at 20 m/s. She throws a stone toward the rear of the train, at 5 m/s relative to herself. Mort, standing beside the tracks, sees the stone move 7) _______ A) south at 15 m/s. B) north at 25 m/s. C) north at 15 m/s. D) south at 25 m/s. E) north at 20 m/s. 8) Velma, inside a train moving at 20 m/s, throws a rock in the forward direction at 5 m/s. According to her the rock moves at 5 m/s. According to Mort, standing on Earth outside the train, the rock moves at [approximately] 25 m/s. Who is correct? 8) _______ A) Velma, because she threw the rock. B) Neither, because there is no universal "best" reference frame. C) The Wizard of Oz. D) Mort, because he is standing on Earth. E) Both, relative to their own reference frames. 9) Velma is in a train headed north past Mort at 30 m/s. Velma has a slingshot that can shoot pebbles at 40 m/s. Velma shoots a pebble toward the rear of the train. Velma observes the pebble's velocity to be 9) _______ A) 10 m/s south. B) 10 m/s north. C) 70 m/s north. D) 40 m/s south. E) 70 m/s south. 10) Velma is in a train headed north past Mort at 30 m/s. Velma has a slingshot that can shoot pebbles at 40 m/s. Velma shoots a pebble toward the rear of the train. Mort observes the pebble's velocity to be 10) ______ A) 70 m/s south. B) 10 m/s north. C) 70 m/s north. D) 10 m/s south. E) 40 m/s south. 11) Velma is in a train moving eastward at 20 m/s. She throws a ball toward the rear of the train, throwing it

PHYS | 100 | How things work | assessment | Exam Name__

Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The "father" of atomic materialism was 1) _______ A) Plato. B) Kepler. C) Newton. D) Democritus. E) Ptolemy. 2) The Greek model of the atom should be classiﬁed as 2) _______ A) a useful theory. B) a tentative hypothesis. C) a useless falsehood. D) an observation. E) an experimental fact. 3) The idea that everything is made of small particles is 3) _______ A) still only a tentative speculation made by many scientists. B) false and no longer used by scientists. C) not yet widely accepted. D) a useful theory, but not known for certain. E) a useful idea that is known for certain to be true. 4) Evidence that things are made of atoms comes from 4) _______ A) superconductivity. B) Brownian motion. C) the fact that we can cut solid objects into smaller and smaller pieces. D) the way that laser beams pass through air. E) the fact that objects accelerate as they fall. 5) Evidence that things are made of atoms comes from 5) _______ A) from the observation that, when chemicals combine to form new chemicals, they do so in simple ratios by weight. B) the observation that we can smell things such as bread from a distance. C) Both of the above answers. D) Brownian motion. E) All of the above answers. 6) Today, the idea that everything is made of atoms should be classiﬁed as 6) _______ A) a fact. B) a certainty. C) Both of the above. D) a theory. E) a hypothesis. 7) Why can't you directly observe, with the unaided eye, Brownian motion in easily visible objects such as ﬂoating bits of paper? 7) _______ A) Because atoms are so small that you can't see them with the unaided eye. B) Because bits of paper are so massive [or heavy] that they do not respond noticeably to atomic impacts. C) Because only living organisms such as bacteria exhibit Brownian motion. D) Because paper cannot be electrically charged, so it cannot respond to Brownian forces by individual atoms. E) Because only individual atoms and molecules exhibit Brownian motion. 8) One piece of evidence that Democritus found for his idea that everything is made of atoms was 8) _______ A) the twinkling of stars, due to our atmosphere. B) Brownian motion. C) the random, chaotic motions often found in liquids. D) the smell of bread and of other substances. E) the fact that chemicals combine in deﬁnite proportions. 9) An individual sulfur atom has twice the weight of an individual oxygen atom. What is the weight ratio of sulfur and oxygen in the formation of sulfur dioxide? 9) _______ A) 2 parts sulfur to 1 part oxygen B) 1 part sulfur to 4 parts oxygen C) 1 part sulfur to 1 part oxygen D) 1 part sulfur to 2 parts oxygen E) 4 parts sulfur to 1 part oxygen 10) An individual oxygen atom has 16 times the weight of an individual hydrogen atom. What is the weight ratio of oxygen to hydrogen in water? 10) ______ A) 1 part oxygen to 16 parts hydrogen B) 16 parts oxygen to 1 part hydrogen C) 8 parts oxygen to 1 part hydrogen D) 1 part oxygen to 8 parts hydrogen E) 1 part oxygen to 2 parts hydrogen 11) Roughly how many diﬀerent elements are there?

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