Disability in American Society

October 15: Invisible Disabilities  Idea of what an invisible disability is and the impact of this type of disability o Non physical disability o Often looked over, taboo o 61% would disclose mental illness to family, 43% to friends, 13% to co-workers o much labeling/stigma o Today’s focus on intellectual and mental disabilities  IDEA definition and diag

REHB | 330 | Disability in American Society | study guides | October 15: Invisible Disabili

-Nature: acquired, progressive/static?? Flashbacks, nightmares, feeling tense/on-edge Treatments = psychotherapy, medications Bipolar disorder 2.6 million US adults brain disorder that results in shifts in mood, energy, activity, ability to complete tasks -Cause: NO single cause (genetic, impairment of brain development) -Aﬀects: men, women, diﬀerent ages -Nature: acquired?? Progressive/static?? Shifts in extreme happiness to extreme depression Treatments = medications, counseling NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENTS Cerebrovascular accident “stroke” Leading cause of disability in US 4 million with impairments because of this Mini-stroke = transient ischemic attack (TIA) Impairments because: functional mobility, daily performance, communication -Cause: 1) lack of blood ﬂow (blocked artery) 2) ruptured vessel in brain -Aﬀected: anyone -Nature: acquired, static?? Multiple sclerosis (MS) Degeneration of myelin (Myelin/MS = MM) sheath which aﬀects messages and impairs temperature regulation and other functions Signs: muscle weakness, sensation changes, spasms, bad coordination, speech diﬃculty/swallowing 4 types! Treatments: medications, physical activity! -Cause: unknown (autoimmune? Infection? Environment? -Aﬀect: anyone? -Nature: Progressive! Acquired? Cerebral palsy 2.2-4.4 per 1,000 live births muscle weakness, spasms, seizures, learning disability, impairments -Cause: damage to brain during pregnancy, birth, or up to 3 years after birth -Aﬀected: anyone -Nature: congenital, static (non-progressive) Parkinson’s 1 million Americans Movement is aﬀected (tremors, shuﬄing, rigid muscles and loss of facial expressions), speech is aﬀected, cognition is, changes in mood and behavior -Cause: decrease in dopamine (signals to other neurons to coordinate movement) -Aﬀected: anyone -Nature: progressive and acquired Spinal Chord Injury 259,000 Americans Christopher Reeves (horse accident) -Cause: traumatic injury or infection of spinal chord -Aﬀected: anyone -Nature: acquired, progressive? Static? Signs: decreased strength/sensation, muscle spasms, cannot regulate body functions Extent of injury based on where injury or infection occurred  Paraplegia: mid-low  Tetraplegia: cervical (upper) Muscular Dystrophy -Caused: mutation of the dystrophin gene (results in poor formation of muscle ﬁbers resulting in muscle weakness

REHB | 330 | Disability in American Society | study guides | -Nature: acquired  progressive

 Environmental interface:  “Smart technology” that senses input from the environment  Only very complex assistive technologies have this component  General concepts about wheelchairs o How devices are classified, general categories, purpose  Manual wheelchairs, power wheelchairs, scooters, push rim activated power assist wheelchairs  Manual wheelchairs (MWC)  A human moves the wheelchair either independently or assisted by a caregiver  MWCs that are independently pushed are CLASSIFIED by push and the ability to move the rear axle position o Weight: a lighter wheelchair is easier to push and requires less force to move; less weight reduces force put on body and helps to reduce injuries o Adjustability: moving rear wheels forward makes pushing the chair easier (user has greater access to wheels, reduction in rolling resistance); also aids in injury prevention o K0001 (Standard Wheelchair)  >36 lbs  Non-adjustable axle position  Not appropriate for long term use! o K0004 (High Strength, Lightweight Wheelchair)  36-30 lbs  Non-adjustable axle position o K0005/K0009 (Ultralight)  <30 lbs  Adjustable axle position  Made of aluminum or titanium Power wheelchairs (PWC)  Wheelchair that has an internal motor and is controlled via some type of mechanical interface (joystick)  Classified based on wheelchair components and diagnosis  Many adaptations can be made to a power wheelchair depending on the functional mobility of the user  MOST COMMON control is with joystick, modifications depending on hand function  Group 1 o Very basic wheelchair o Only appropriate for use of smooth, level surfaces  Group 2 o Has the ability to integrate a more complex joystick o Greater ability to traverse rough terrain o Primarily used by individuals with orthopedic, cardiac, respiratory impairments  Group 3 o Complex power wheelchair with the ability to integrate components to aid in positioning (power seat functions) o Suitable for use in the home and community o Persons with neurological and congenital impairments  Group 4 o Highly complex power wheelchair that has the ability to navigate rough terrain o Not reimbursed by insurance companies Scooters  Primarily for outdoor use o Difficult to use indoors due to wide turning radius  Provide minimal postural support and stability  Primarily for individuals with cardiac or respiratory impairments  Can be broken down to fit into a car Pushrim activated power assist wheels  Motor add-on to a manual wheelchair  Decreases effort required to push a wheelchair o Gives mobility to a person with limited strength o Decreases forces placed on the upper extremity

REHB | 330 | Disability in American Society | study guides |  Environmental interface:  “

REHB_330_Final_Study_Guide.pdf-Final Study Guide 2014 CHLH/REHB 330

o Pain can cause:  Decreased independence  Reduced activity  Lower quality of life  Increased costs o Participation in sports can help manage impairments associated with disability  Protective effect on the upper extremities  Decreased physician visits  Few medical complications and hospitalizations o Understand general information about whee

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