European Political Economy

Intro to Political Science Methods

Introduction to Comparative Politics

Judicial Behavior

Politics of the World Economy

War in World Politics

The Leader can determine the interests of Islam, supervise the implementation of general policy, and set political guidelines for the Islamic Republic. He can eliminate presidential candidates, and dismiss the duly elected president. He can grant amnesty, mobilize the army, declare war and peace, and convene the Supreme Military Council. He can appoint and dismiss any military figure. He has extensive power over the judicial system. He elects six clerics to the Guardian Council, which can veto bills from parliament. He can also appoint the Expediency Council (A committee set up in Iran to resolve differences between the Majles and the Guardian Council). He also fills a number of important non-govt positions, such as the preachers at city mosques (Imam Jum’ehs), the director of national TV network. Iranian Government: Leader see above Expediency Council Accountable only to the leader, made up of inner circle of Iran’s elite Assembly of Experts elects the Leader Guardian Council oversees Parliament and determines who can run for the Majles Majles Iranian Parliament, see Majles Powers below President Signs all laws, treaties, and agreements. Must be Shi’I, between ages of 25-75. Elected once every 4 years, can’t serve more than two terms. Chair of National Security Council, which defends country, responsible for budget and economic matters, propose legislation to Majles, appoint cabinet ministers (minister of intelligence must be cleric), appoint chairs of Iranian Oil Company, National Electricity Board, and the National Bank. Presidents have typically been clerics due to the theocratic nature of the government The 2009 election was supposed to be a shoo-in for Ahmadinejad, but a series of television debates brought power and fervor to the opposition. The results remain a mystery, as the Revolutionary Guards took away the ballots and the Interior Ministry counted the votes. Ahmadinejad was proclaimed to win 90% of the vote, but this result brought large protests, claiming the election to be a fraud. Iran’s clergy have drifted into two main sides, the statist reformers in the Society of the Military Clergy and the laissez-faire conservatives in the Association of the Military Clergy. The Society prefers a state that’s involved and redistributes wealth, and supported a comprehensive welfare state. The Association is in favor of a privatized state and a more free market in Iran. The polarization between the two brought Khomeini to install mashalat(a general rule that what is best for the state presides over everything, including shari’a). Iran’s theocracy has some democratic parts, including : the direct election of the president and the Assembly of Experts, which chooses the Leader, and the Majles, who exercise considerable power. Powers of the Majles include creating qanunn(state law in line with shari’a) investigate cabinet members, affairs of state, and public complaints against the executive. It can remove cabinet members with a vote of no confidence and approve government budgets. Political Parties in Iran are less important than reformist and conservative and coalitions and groups that form along ideological and policy lines. Main Parties (against Ahmadinejad’s conservative Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran: Liberation Movement- Moderate Islamic party that favors separation of church and state. National Front - Nationalist and secularist (banned by the conservative clergy)

POL | 102 | Introduction to Comparative Politics | study guides | The Leader can determine the i

Hall 1 1 Griffin Hall Pol 251 Mr. Hanel Portfolio Introduction This semester, I learned a lot more about political science than I ever thought I would. I came into this class thinking that this would be a statistics class. I wasn ’ t too far off, but I had no idea how much these process come into play in the political world. Polling is a major part of politics, and a lot of what I learned this year makes polling possible. I ’ m a political science major, so a lot of this may be very relevant to me if I continue to pursue a job in the political world. Maybe one day I may use this material in my daily tasks. This was a really different class, which I liked. It ’ s not your typical academic structure. I also thought R Studio was an awesome thing to learn about. It still confuses me occasionally, but I find it fun to play around with. I hope that in my next two years here at Ole Miss, I can revert back to some of the concepts that I learned in this class as well. Despite it being really different, I am glad this is a required course for political science students. I really enjoyed the change of pace. It was a great class. Hall 2 2 Table of Contents Levels of Measurement ………………………………………………… .. 3-4 Asking Research Questions …………………………………………… .. . 5 Literature Review ……………………………………………………… . . 6 Descriptive Statistics …………………………………………………… 7-10 Central Limit Theorem ……………………………………………… .. . 11-12 Chi Square ……………………………………………………………… . 13 Regression Exercise …………………………………………………… .. 14 Mini Paper ……………………………………………………………… 15-18 Hall 3 3 Portfolio Assignment 1 Levels of Measurement Part A Instructions: Please define the following concepts: 1. Nominal- A level of measurement that is categorical and the number assigned to the categories is meaningless. 2. Ordinal- A level of measurement that must be in the correct order, but there is no defined distance in between the values. 3. Interval- A level of measurement where the distance between values is equal, but there is no genuine zero point. 4. Ratio- A level of measurement that has equal distance between values and has a genuine zero point. 5. Absolute- A level of measurement that cannot be multiplied or transformed and often deals with probability. Part B Instructions: Please indicate which level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval ratio or absolute) best describes the following: 1. Gender  Nominal 2. Attitude towards legalization of marijuana (favor, neutral, oppose)  Ordinal 3. GPA  Ratio 4. Socio-economic status (lower, middle, upper)  Ordinal 5. Annual Income  Ratio 6. Proportion of individuals in a state favoring the repeal of Obamacare  Ratio 7. A country’s GDP  Ratio 8. Race (white, other)  Nominal 9. Race (Caucasian, Hispanic, Native American, Black, Asian)  Nominal 10. Number of Years in School completed  Ratio Part C Instructions: Using datacamp.com finish Lab 0-Introduction to R 1. What is the name of the dataset/what are the data about? Present is the name of the dataset, and the data is focused on male and female births in the United States from 1940-2002. 2. What are the names of the variables? The variables are “year”, “boys”, and “girls”. 3. What is the question and answer to Question 4? Question 4 asks, “In what year did we see the most total number of births in the US?” The answer is 1961.

POL | 251 | Intro to Political Science Methods | study guides | Hall 1 1 Griffin Hall Pol 251 

Comparative Politics Non-Democratic Political Regimes Three characteristics distinguish totalitarianism from authoritarianism 1. Use of Ideology set of beliefs or ideas that structures and gives meaning to political interests and motivates people to act politically in particular ways resemble cults 2.The Extent of coercive mobilization totalitarian regimes employ state institutions to coercively mobilize individuals to support the regime 3. The Degree of Social and Political Pluralism Permitted authoritarian regimes tolerate some degree of social freedoms, limit political pluralism totalitarian regimes do not tolerate social or political pluralism Accountability Selectorate a subset of the population that choses and removes the leader or leaders Reciprocal Accountability choses and removes the leadership, but the leadership also selects and removes the members of the selecotorate Totalitarian Regime government attempts to shape the interests and identities of its citizens by articulating a coherent ideology, employing extensive efforts to coercively mobile support for the regime, and imposing tight restrictions on both social and political pluralism Authoritarian Regime concentrates using coercion to limit political pluralism in order to remain in power, but relative to a totalitarian regime, an authoritarian regime permits some social pluralism. An authoritarian regime identities, or support for the regime Communist vs. Fascist Communism holds that under capitalist systems the workers are exploited. Communist believes that efforts should be made to redistribute economic wealth as much as possible and that a single political party should direct government and control the state Capitalism: a economic system in which individuals hold and invest property Fascism is a totalitarian ideology based in racist principles that gloriﬁes militarism, violence, nationalism, and the state over individuals interests and identities, usually lead by charismatic political leaders certain races are inherently superior and would inevitably conquer weaker ones Institutions of Non-Democratic Regimes Compare and contrast four characteristics 1. Size of the selectorate 3. Rules for selection of leaders 2. Criteria for admission to the selectorate Rules governing the use of power — wether the relationship between the selectorate and the leader is based on formal rules and procedures, including lines of succession, party rules and military chain of command Monarchies Absolute Monarchy no electorate exists meaning the ruler answers to no one Constitutional Monarchy a system in which the constitution sets formal limits on the monarchs powers Single Party Regimes a single party dominates all government institutions and restricts political competition to maintain itself to power Military Regimes Junta: the group of leaders selectorate is typically limited to the highest ranks of a military ofﬁcer corps Oligarchy a non democratic regime in which the electorate consists of a small social, economic, or politic elite, which selects the leaders to represent their interests. Theocracy non-democratic regimes in which the leaders who claim divine guidance hold the rule to authority Personalistic Regime A system built around the gloriﬁcation and empowerment of a single individual Doing Comparative Politics Politics who get whats when and how Comparative Politics the systematic search for answers to political questions about how people around the world make and contest public choices Hypothesis the possibility that a hypothesis can be shown to be false Falsiﬁable the possibility that a hypothesis can be shown to be false Comparative Method a way to examine patterns of facts or events to narrow down what is important in terms of building a convincing comparative argument Method of Agreement compares and contrasts cases with different attributes but a shared outcome seeing the one attribute these cases have in common to attribute causality Method of Difference compares and contrasts cases with the same attributes but different outcomes, and determines causality by ﬁnding an attribute that is present when an outcome occurs but is absent when the outcome does not occur Comparative Research Correlation a measure of observed association between two variables Causation a process or event that produces an observable effect Research Quantitative research relies on statistical data to asses relationships between attributes and outcomes Qualitative research focuses on an in depth understanding of attributes and outcomes Mixed Methods research uses both The State State: a political legal unit with sovereignty over a particular geographic territory and the population that resides in that territory Sovereignty: ultimate responsibility for and legal authority over the conduct of internal affairs, including a claim to a monopoly on the use of legitimate physical force within territory deﬁned by speciﬁc geographic borders Failed State: a state where sovereignty over claimed territory has collapsed or was never fully established at all Legitimacy: the degree to which the citizens willingly accept the state’s sovereign authority to use power Balancing Individual and Collective Interests The Prisoners Dilemma Hobbes State of Nature: a term coined by Thomas Hobbes to describe an imaginary time before human beings organized into governments or states for the collective good, not a pretty place Social Contract: a theoretical agreement in which everyone agrees to limit their ability to do as they please in order to achieve some mutual collective beneﬁt Establishing Institutions Government: the organization that has the authority to act on behalf of the state and the right to make decisions that affect everyone in the state Nation: a cultural grouping of individuals who associate with each other based on collectively held political identity Nationalism: a subjective feeling of membership in a nation Society: a term used for the organized groups, social movements, interest groups, and individual who attempt to remain autonomous from the inﬂuence of the authority of the state Early State Formation The Treaty Of Westphalia serves as a convenient dividing point between pre-modern and forms of political organization Late Forming states A decline in the legitimacy of traditional forms of political authority such as the rule of charismatic authority ﬁgure, inherited leadership, or religious authority, and an increase in the legitimacy of depersonalized, public governance based on the rule of law An increase in the central governments sovereignty over carefully delineated territory and a decline of decentralized and overlapping forms of sovereignty such as the traditional system of feudalism, under which several local or regional land owning nobles claimed authority over a single piece o territory and only paid nominal allegiance to a central king or emperor Feudalism: a form of political organization in which no single political entity or ruler held unambiguous territorial sovereignty and in which political rule involved multiple and often overlapping lines of authority An increase in the organizational complicity of central government institutions Late forming states tend to be relatively weak because many were extremely poor at independence and could not draw upon a coherent national identity to generate legitimacy Late forming states with difﬁcult terrain ﬁnd constructing legitimate and effective state institutions more expensive. States with ﬂat and open terrain can more easily control their own borders and police their own territory Democratic Political Regimes Democracy: a political system in which the rulers are accountable to the ruled 1. Accountability: a political mechanism that offers citizens regular and realistic opportunities to remove the rulers from ofﬁce through peaceful and constitutional means 2. Participation: a political mechanism that offers citizens regular and realistic opportunities to remove the rulers from ofﬁce through peaceful and constitutional means Electorate is the group of citizens eligible to participate in the election of government leaders Universal Suffrage wherein all adult citizens have the right to participate in the electoral process that removes and selects leaders 3. Contestation: real competition for power must exist; there must be more than one group competing for power Madison’s Dilemma How do democracies balance the tension between limited and effective governments? Constitution is a set of key laws and principles that structure the extent and distribution of government authority and individual rights by setting up the rules of the political games Unitary Versus Federal Constitutions Unitarism the constitution grants the central government exclusive and ﬁnal authority over policy making across the entire national territory Federalism the constitution grants two or more government overlapping political authority over the same group of people and the same piece of territory Electoral Process The political rules that translate citizens votes into legislative seats and or control of directly elected executive Plurality Rule the candidate who receives the largest share of votes wins regardless wether he receives a majority Majority Rule requires the candidate to receive 50% + 1 vote to win Proportional Representation an electoral system that distributes seats proportionally to vote each party receives Mixed Electoral Systems combine a plurality and majority rule to elect some members of the legislature with a PR electoral rule to elect the remainder Executive-Legislative Relations Presidential system a constitutional format in which the executive and legislative branches enjoy both separation of origin and survival Separation of Origin voters directly elect members of a legislature and also cast a separate ballot directly electing the chief executive Separation of Survival members of both the executive and legislative branches serve for ﬁxed terms in ofﬁce Parliamentary System a constitutional format in which the executive and legislative branches have neither separation of origin nor separation of survival Prime Minister the chief executive in a parliamentary system No Conﬁdence Vote a parliamentary vote which, if successful, terminates the prime ministers appointment Hybrid Systems Semi Presential Hybrid a constitutional format in which the president and parliament enjoy separation of origin but only the president enjoys separation of survival Dual Executive in hybrid democratic regimes an executive branch of the government characterized by a division of authority and responsibility between a president and a prime minister Divided Government occurs in presidential systems when the president comes from a different government than controls the legislature Legally Judicial review is the ability of the country’s high court to invalidate laws that the legislature has enacted by declaring them unconstitutional Marbury v. Madison established that the judicial branch had the authority to undertake judicial review of laws passed by congress and signed by the president Parliamentary supremacy is a principle to which judges devisions remain subordinate to decisions of the legislative majority.

POL | 102 | Introduction to Comparative Politics | study guides | Comparative Politics Non-Democ

prevent Soviet progress. The United States planned to fight a proxy war against the Soviets, and the Mujahideen was their route to do so (Prados). United States’ intentions were also displayed through an interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski. Brzezinski, a former national security advisor to President Jimmy Carter before and during the Soviet War in Afghanistan, stated in an interview with Le Nouvel Observateur from 1998 that “it was July 3, 1979 that President Carter signed the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul” (Brzezinski). Brzezinski also stated that “It had the effect of drawing the Russians into the Afghan trap and you want me to regret it? The day that the Soviets officially crossed the border, I wrote to President Carter: We now have the opportunity of giving to the USSR its own Vietnam War” (Brzezinski). As shown above, the United States had clear intentions in Afghanistan. They wanted to cede Soviet progress, and aiding the Mujahideen gave them a direct route to completing that task. One week prior to the Soviet invasion, the United States Special Coordinating Committee made the decision that “the CIA would furnish weapons, improve rebel communications and logistics, and conduct worldwide propaganda against the DRA and its Soviet backers” (Prados 2006, 471). The US had a plan in place to prevent the USSR from expanding their influence in the world. Historian John Prados alluded to this when he stated, “Through the year the rebel groups averaged almost 500 attacks a month. According to Soviet figures more than 500 vehicles were destroyed that year and 4,550 security troops killed” (Billard 2010, 7). This stemmed from the increase in aid from the US that President Reagan initiated. The United States sent advanced weapons to the rebels that helped them match the arsenal of the Soviets through the CIA, which: Began one of its longest and most expensive covert operations, supplying billions of dollars in arms to a collection of Afghan guerrillas fighting the Soviets. The arms shipments included Stinger missiles, the shoulder-fired, antiaircraft weapons that were used with deadly accuracy against Soviet helicopters (Barlett 2003, 2). This advanced weaponry did wonders for the Mujahideen. One of the most significant forms of weaponry that the US supplied to the rebels were Stinger Missiles. Robert Billard explains the significance of the Stinger missiles by saying: “The introduction of the Stinger missile weapon system, along with all other surface-to-air rocket launchers, would prove to be the last major blow to the already crumbling Soviet Empire. The reason for the Stinger came about as a result of the need for a more accessible anti-aircraft weapon in mountainous terrain. The importance of this weapon system is even greater due to the fact that it existed as a transportable weapon; in the mountains of Afghanistan this is exactly what the Mujahideen needed to take down the Soviet invasion” (Billard 2010, 9). The United States’ aid to the rebels was an ideal way for the United States to have a strong impact on the outcome of the conflict, without getting directly involved. The aid they gave sped up the outcome of the war and prevented the Soviets from completing their goal of installing a new government. Pakistan played a tremendous role in helping the United States’ and Mujahideen’s cause in the war against the Soviets. In September of 1981, when the $3.2 billion aid package was put into place, the US decided that the money would be channeled through Pakistan’s ISI, or Inter-Services Intelligence, in order to get through to the Mujahideen. This aid “grew from $30 million to $280 million, making it the biggest single CIA covert operation anywhere in the world” (Rasanayagam 2003, 105). Although there was a good chance that the Mujahideen would have won the war without aid from the United States, there is strong evidence that the support the Mujahideen received from the United States directly affected the outcome of the war and helped bring the Soviet War in Afghanistan to a close. In conclusion, the United States found a way to fight the Soviet Union without getting directly involved in combat. The United States’ aid to the Mujahideen sped up the conflict, and gave the Mujahideen the edge they needed to fend off the Soviets from taking control of the country. The support given to the Mujahideen ensured a victory for the United States, Afghanistan, and to an extent, the potential of having a democratic Middle East. The victory for the Mujahideen and other rebel factions who stood against the Soviet Union served as a major milestone in the global political spectrum for numerous reasons. First off, because of the support given by the United States, the Mujahideen were able to fend off one of the most powerful armies in the world and in doing so sent the world a powerful message: the Soviet Union was

POL | 363 | War in World Politics | assessment | prevent Soviet progress. The U

Hall 1 Griffin Hall Dr. DiGiuseppe 4/10/15 Pol 334 Chinn and Frieden Response Paper In their article, Reflections on the Causes and Consequences of the Debt Crisis, Menzie Chinn and Jeffry Frieden attempt to pin the 2008 American debt crisis on wasteful fiscal policies made worse through high leveraging, financial innovation and regulatory disarmament (Chinn and Frieden 1). Chinn and Frieden’s usage of a capital flow cycle to define the cause of the 2008 debt crisis is incomplete. Participation in the domestic housing market was the primary influx of capital, not foreign. The housing industry did experience a boom, but it was under false prospects of profits. The cycle did end in a crash, but it was the result of poor government monetary policy decisions and not necessarily high leveraging or risk taking. The Clinton administration’s restructuring of the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act, and Government Sponsored Enterprises adjusting their lending practices were the primary causes of the housing market failure and debt crisis. Declining to include the restructuring of the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act by the Clinton administration leaves the authors’ argument lacking the true reason for the housing bubble. The authors’ rejection of these policy changes as true causes leaves their argument without a solid explanation as to where the influx in housing market capital arose from. To explain their misstep, some background information is needed. The CRA was created so that banks would be forced to try to serve all income-level patrons within a community. After an 1 Hall 2 independent study, in the early 90s, found discrimination against non-whites in a bank’s lending, changes were made. In 1995, new rules were put into place and banks now had “to show that they had actually made a requisite number of loans to low-and-moderate income, or LMI, borrowers” (Wallison 1). Clinton wanted to make homes more available for lower income families, but he did so through lowering investment banks’ lending standards. These lowered standards resulted in subprime loans, or loans made to individuals with poor credit, and Alt-A loans, or loans made to speculative buyers unregulated by old standards. Between 2001 and 2006, subprime loans “rose from 7.2 percent to 18.8 percent, and Alt-A loans rose from 2.5 percent to 13.9 percent” (Wallison 1). This meant that investment banks held large interests in the housing market because they were insuring so many new mortgages. Investment banks could take that interest and resell it to investors as a mortgage backed security, or MBS. The market for an MBS is called a Collateralized Debt Obligation. As more mortgages were insured, more interests were sold as MBSs, which meant the CDO market expanded. The issue is that no actor was actually going to pay off the mortgages. This is where the bubble comes from, and it is not through increased risk- spending on non-tradeable goods as Chinn and Frieden argue. The bubble , or total amount of home equity loans given out, burst because of the relaxed lending standards. The rise in Alt-A and subprime loans combined with a 24 percent decline in conventional mortgages led to many investment banks declaring bankruptcy (Wallison 1). They had loaned too much, and couldn’t pay their investors. As a result, home values fell sharply in sync with the massive amount of people defaulting on their mortgages. Chinn and Frieden’s categorization of this argument as simplistic is utterly false, and it is also rather contradictory given their own background-lacking argument. 2

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