Socio-cultural impact of Tourism

HTM-3484_-_Notes_-_Day_19-20_-_Race_Ethnicity_Class_Gender.docx-Daniel T. Eisert HTM-3484 Week XII:

Daniel T. Eisert Reading III HTM-3484 QUIZ: October 3, 2017 HTM 3484 Quiz III Study Guide What are the characteristics of a modern surfer? How do they compare/contrast with stereotypical images of surfers?  Surfers have a strong desire to find remote beaches for the perfect wave . With time, the word spreads and the beach becomes covered with tourists and developments . The construction alters the wave break causing adverse consequences on the waves.  This is very different from the stereotype of the “shaggy stoner who lives out of a van and doesn’t contribute to society.”  In reality, the average surfer age is 34 years old and typically makes more than $75,000 per year. What is surfonomics? Why is it valuable to the larger environmentalist community?  A subsection of natural resource economics that quantifies the value of the waves both to surfers and local businesses (i.e. how much people are willing to pay to keep them).  The value of a wave is calculated by considering the visiting expenses of surfers and surf spectators including the distance traveled , visits per year , time taken off of work , length of stay , driving time , gas money/parking fees , food/lodging , and gear rentals .  “Environmental capital” refers to the “non-consumptive natural resources that people are willing to pay” and experience. What is the primary take away message from both the article and the video?  It has been challenging for surfers to make concrete arguments despite real estate developers only focusing on the direct economic impacts: job creation , revenue , and growth .  There is a major focus regarding the large-scale industrial uses of the outdoors; however, people often leave out the recreational activities that allow everyone to get a first-hand experience of nature.  A lot of people think that coastal areas are priceless, but it is essential to place price tags on biodiversity in order to preserve it. These coastal values can often be ignored , unfortunately—calculations can be faulty due to incomplete information.  Dredging, jetties, pollution, etc. have forced many waves to become “extinct.” Aside from providing surfing opportunities, what are some of the economic reasons why coastal areas are valuable?  Tourism is undergoing a growing presence within the ocean economy . People are willing to travel farther to enjoy the shore. What is the risk in quantifying a valuable place such as coastal areas?  It is challenging for the surfing industry to compete against a multi-million dollar petroleum project or a massive development/resort that will contribute more to the economy. Who was the presenter in the video and why was he interested in understanding surfonomics?  Dr. Jason Scorse was promoted to the Chair of the International Environmental Policy Program in 2009, and subsequently, in 2011, he became the Director of the Center for the Blue Economy.  There is more to surfing than just simply the enjoyment of ‘hippies’ living out of their vans, but rather it is genuinely good for business (also, increased housing values leads to increases tax revenue—many other positive externalities ).

HTM | 3484 | Socio-cultural impact of Tourism | study guides | Daniel T. Eisert Reading III H

Daniel T. Eisert Reading VIII HTM-3484 QUIZ: November 16, 2017 HTM-3484 Quiz VIII Study Guide Video – BBC Fast Track Child Sex Tourism ‘Spreading’ Things to focus on:  What preventative measures are being developed to slow the growth of sex tourism? - Building networks with child services , NGOs , and other Western enforcers .  Which geographic regions are mentioned in the video as established or growing destination for sex tourism? - Russia , Europe , Africa , Mexico , Brazil , Ghana , Kenya , Southeast Asia , Romania , Czech Republic , Ukraine , and Bulgaria .  It is suggested that the tourism industry may be hesitant to acknowledge the growth of sex tourism, what two reasons for this hesitation are mentioned in the video? - Does not want the trafficking reputation to be associated with visitors . - Does not want the industry to be associated with trafficking .  What are some of the impediments to fighting the growth of sex tourism mentioned in the video? - Reluctance of some firms to engage in these issues. - The Internet , low-cost travel, relaxed border control , visa requirements , and the lack of awareness . Website – The Code Things to focus on:  Mission of the Code - Provide awareness , tools , and support to the industry to prevent trafficking, especially of children .  Six steps of the Code 1. Establish procedures and policy . 2. Train employees. 3. Include anti-trafficking clauses in contracts. 4. Inform travelers . 5. Support, collaborate, and engage stakeholders. 6. Report annually .  How does the Code keep children safe? - The Code addresses child sex tourism by establishing an alert, well-trained tourism industry that can help prevent potential abuse and provide zero tolerance environments. Article – The War on Human Trafficking Things to focus on:  What components of the tourism industry may involve elements of human trafficking including forced labor or sex tourism? - Planes transport perpetrators and their victims. - International checkpoints - Hotels house victims and provide a venue for exploitation  Which components of the tourism industry have taken action to fight against human trafficking and sex tourism? (i.e. adoption of global codes, creation of training programs, creation of anti-trafficking clauses in supplier contracts) - ECPAT Sweden developed the Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism . Since then, thousands of firms and 42 countries. - Passport to Freedom is a border awareness campaign. - More and more programs are being made to train various parts of the tourism industry to combat trafficking. - DHS’s Blue Campaign - Airline Ambassadors International works with airlines to provide humanitarian assistance to children and offers training to employees. - Many hotels are also adding clauses in supplier contracts to require that they also comply to the hotel’s anti-trafficking policies. - 12 U.S. states have “safe harbor laws” - Some firms provide warnings on itineraries for business travelers heading to destinations known for child sex tourism.

HTM | 3484 | Socio-cultural impact of Tourism | study guides | Daniel T. Eisert Reading VIII 

1 Daniel T. Eisert HTM-3484 Day XVII: Tourism and Culture Negative Socio- Cultural Impacts Change or loss of indigenous identity:  Commodification, reconstructed ethnicity  Loss of authenticity or staged authenticity  Standardization (make the culture something that makes the tourists feel more comfortable)  Adaptive to tourist demands Cultural clashes:  Social and cultural carrying capacity exceeded  Economic inequality  Irritation due to tourist behavior and changes in resident attitude 1. Euphoria 2. Apathy 3. Irritation 4. Antagonism Physical influences causing social stress:  Cultural deterioration (ex: trying to take back a piece of Mt. Vernon)  Resource use conflicts (ex: beach crowding)  Conflicts with traditional land uses Ethical issues:  Increased crime  Child labor  Prostitution and sex tourism Positive Socio- Cultural Impacts Tourism as a force for peace and cultural appreciation:  Increased contact may lead to increased understanding (but not always)  Jobs in tourism decrease economic hardships and provide opportunities for peace Strengthening of communities:  Festivals and events can provide a rallying point  Increased civic and cultural pride Facilities development for tourism can benefit residents:  Upgraded infrastructure  Health and transportation improvements  New recreation facilities  More restaurants and public spaces  Influx of better-quality commodities and food Revaluation of culture and traditions:  Preservation and transmission of cultural and historical traditions  Protection of local heritage  Renaissance of indigenous cultures, cultural arts, and crafts Challenges of Impacts It is a constant challenge to preserve both cultural traditions through tourism and avoid cultural commodification.

HTM | 3484 | Socio-cultural impact of Tourism | lecture notes | 1 Daniel T. Eisert HTM-3484 Da

1 Daniel T. Eisert HTM-3484 Day XV: Tourism Stakeholders Stakeholders Any group or individual who can impact or is impacted by an organization’s decision. Freeman’s Original Model includes the firm at the center and all of the following aspects radiating out from it:  Government  Community organizations  Media  Owners  Consumer advocates  Customers  Competitors  Suppliers  Space International Groups  Employees Tourism as a System Market Supply More About Stakeholders They deal with the impacts of tourism. It is vital to communicate with them to minimize negative impacts and maximize positive impacts. They can be a road block to progress, or they can be supporters. Not everybody is impacted by tourism the same way. Reaching out can be done by:  Town hall meetings  Planning sessions for the public  Focus groups  Surveys  Dedicated lines of communication Challenges with Stakeholders 1. Lots of input – there are many stakeholders to consider. 2. Lots of conflict – lots of unique viewpoints. Population (interests, ability to travel) Transportation (volume/quality of all modes) Attractions (resource development for visitor satisfaction); services (variety and quality of food, lodging, products) Information Promotion 2 Daniel T. Eisert HTM-3484 3. Compromise must be made – not everyone can get their way; decisions must be made to attempt to create the greatest positive benefits.

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