Cellular Biology

Gen Bio II

Human Biology

Jacey Evans BYGOCH27 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11-14, 18 1. Deﬁne gonad and gamete. Explain the relaonship between the terms. gonads are the primary sex organs that produce gametes, they are both sex CELLS 2. Deﬁne male, female, sperm and egg. Male - Y chromosome; produces sperm X or Y Female - no Y chromosome; provides egg X chromosome 6. State the names and locaons of two muscles that help regulate the temperature of the testes. 1) CREMASTER muscle - enmesh spermac chord and tess, contracts or relaxes tess 2) DARTOS muscle - subcutaneous muscle around scrotum, helps hold tess against warm body 7. Name three types of cells in the testes and describe their locaons and funcons. 1) spermads - germ cells within tubules 2) sustentacular (sertoli cells) - within tubules, protect germ cells and help development 3) intersal (leydig cells) - produce testosterone, between seminiferous tubules 9. Describe the locaons and funcons of the seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands. - Seminal vesicles - behind bladder, provides energy (fructose) - Prostate glands - at pelvic bone; buﬀer (Ca, citrate, phosphate) - Bulbourethral glands- root of penis 11. State the source, target organ, and eﬀect of GnRH. GnRH is produced by the hypothalamus and smulates the anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH 12. Identy the target cells and eﬀects of FSH and LH. LH -smulates intersal cells to secrete testosterone FSH -smulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen-binding protein that increases testosterone levels 13. Explain how tescular hormones aﬀect the secreon of FSH and LH. - testosterone inhibits GnRH - inhibin inhibits FSH 14. Describe the major eﬀects of androgens on the body. growth of sex organs, body growth, deepening voice, increased RBC producon, pubic hair/facial hair, sperm producon, sex drive 18. List the major contribuons of the seminal vesicles and prostate to the semen and state the funcons of these components. - seminal vesicles - fructose (energy) -preseminogelin (scky) clong enzyme (acvates proseminogelin) - prostate gland - serine protease (breaks down semen clot), Ca, citrate, phosphate (buﬀer)

BIO | 101 | Human Biology | question bank | Jacey Evans BYGOCH27 1  2  6  

HK 10000 Chapters 21 and 22 (10 points) 1. What type of motivational climate results in greater enjoyment in youth sports? (.5 pt) Mastery-involving motivational climate is best in youth sports 2. Why is the fact that motivational climate has a great impact than winning on enjoyment in youth sports a good thing? (.5 pt) It has a greater impact because the kids playing the sports actually enjoy playing. Coach evaluations proved that when they are more focused on effort and personal development, kids enjoyed their experience much more overall than if they had focused on winning. This is a good thing because coaches can control the motivational climate they create and kids will have a positive experience rather than a negative experience if they were being punish by coaches that focused more on winning. 3. What is the discrimination against the elderly called? What does it result in, in terms of exercise/physical activity? (1 pt total) Discrimination against the elderly are known as age stratification. It results in lower self-expectancies of older individuals. 4. What happened to the life satisfaction and happiness of previously sedentary adults over age 60 yrs after 6 months of an exercise program? What happened after the program ended? How did the depression levels of 60-75 year olds who cycled 3 times per week compare to the depression levels of 60-75 year olds who did not cycle or exercise 3 times per week? (1.5 pts total) After 6 months of an exercise program, their life satisfaction and happiness increases and loneliness decrease. However, when the exercise program ended, subjective well-being decreased. For those who cycled 3 times per week, their depression level significantly decrease and showed improvements in emotional and social function compared to those that did not cycle. 5. Name five types of social support that can help athletes retire from their sport. (2.5 pts total) Emotional, esteem, instrumental, informational and network 6. What is the negative adaptation to training called? Name and describe the three phases of this negative adaptation. (2 pts total) Negative adaptation to training is call training stress syndrome. Three phases of negative adaption are staleness which is the initial failure of the person to cope with psychological and physiological stress created by training, overtraining is the repeated failure of the person to cope with chronic training stress, burnout is the final phase which is when athlete is exhausted both physiologically and psychologically from frequent but usually ineffective efforts to meet excessive training and competition demands. 7. Name two strategies to help avoid training stress syndrome. (1 pt total) One of the strategies to help avoid training stress syndrome is to incorporate variety in training because this will break the tedium and routine of training. Another strategy is making one day a week of practice fun like playing board/card games, this will provide a different environment to a traditional training which will give the athletes feel control of the session. 8. Name and describe the two most common physical relaxation strategies. (1 pts total) Progressive muscular relaxation: involve contracting and then relaxing specific muscle groups systematically throughout the body, by increasing the tension in muscles and then relaxing, athletes become more aware and sensitive to what the presence and absence of muscle tension feels like and they learn that they can control the level of tension. Breathing exercise: controlled, deep, slow breathing helps reduce stress. Breathing physically relaxes the body, this is an advantage because you are always breathing.

BIO | 123 | Gen Bio II | study guides | HK 10000 Chapters 21 and 22 (1

Jacey Evans BYGOCH28 1, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 23 1. How do the site of female gamete producon and mode of release from the gonad diﬀer from those in the male? the ovaries lack ducts and release an egg once a month, sperm are connually produced 3. Contrast the funcon of the endometrium with that of the myometrium. -Endometrium - site of aachment and maternal part of placenta -Myometrium - contains muscles used for labor contracons 7. What is the diﬀerence between climacteric and menopause? -Climacteric - change in hormones -Menopause - one year with no menstruaon 8. Disnguish between primordial, primary, secondary, and terary follicles. Describe the major structures of a mature follicle. Primordial-concentrated in the ovarian cortex, close to the capsule; about um in diameter; primary oocyte in early meiosis, surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicular cells and a basement membrane separang the follicle from the surrounding stroma of the ovary. Primary- 100 um in diameter. Larger oocyte and their follicular cells are now cuboidal, but sll form only a single layer. Secondary- have mulplied and piled atop each other to form two or more layers, 200um in diameter Terary- presence of follicular ﬂuid deﬁnes terary follicle Mature- only one follicle in each month becomes a mature follicle, designed to ovulate while the rest degenerate. 5 mm in diameter 12. Describe the eﬀects of FSH and LH on the ovary. FSH and LH acvates ovarian follicles and leads to cyclic ovulaon 13. Describe the eﬀects of estrogen and progesterone on the uterus, hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary. - Estrogen Uterus - growth/regrowth, P4 receptors Hypothalamus - posive feedback increases hormone producon Anterior pituitary- posive feedback increases hormone producon - Progesterone Uterus - secretory phase, glycogen, BV Hypothalamus - negave feedback Anterior pituitary- negave feedback 23. Why is lile or no milk secreted while a woman is pregnant? steroids inhibit milk synthesis

BIO | 101 | Human Biology | question bank | Jacey Evans BYGOCH28 1  3  7  

Jacey Evans Chapter 10 BYGO 1,2,4,6 1. List some funcons of the muscular system other than movement of the body. Circulaon. The involuntary cardiac and smooth muscles help your heart beat and blood ﬂow. Respiraon. Your diaphragm is the main muscle at work during quiet breathing. Digeson. Digeson is controlled by smooth muscles found in your gastrointesnal tract. Joint stability, heat producon, and posture 2. Describe the relaonship of endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium to each other. Which of these separates one fascicle from another? Which separates one muscle from another? -Endomysium; thin sleeve of connecve ssue that surrounds each muscle ﬁber. -Perimysium; thicker connecve ssue sheath that wraps muscle ﬁbers together into bundles called fascicles. -Epimysium; ﬁbrous sheath that surrounds the enre muscle. -Separates one fascicle from another; Perimysium -Separates one muscle from another; Epimysium 4. Deﬁne belly, acon and innervaon. Belly- the thick part of a skeletal muscle between its origin and inseron. Acon- the movement produced by contracon of a parcular muscle, or its role in prevenng an unwanted movement. Innervaon- the nerve supply to an organ 6. Disnguish between a synergist, antagonist and ﬁxator. Explain how each of these may aﬀect the acon of a prime mover. Synergist- Muscles that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotaon, when making a ﬁst, the synergist muscles prevent the wrist from bending. The muscles stabilize and allow the prime mover to act on the ﬁnger joints Antagonist- Muscles that oppose or reverses a prime mover, biceps of the arm is antagonized by triceps (a prime mover of elbow of extension) Fixator- Stabilizes the origin of a prime mover, they hold the bone sll If any of these are damaged or not working the prime mover will not be able to funcon, whether it be because the bone is moving when it shouldn’t be or certain muscles cannot be prevented from moving.

BIO | 101 | Human Biology | question bank | Jacey Evans Chapter 10 BYGO 1 

7. Where are the neurosomas of the posterior root located? Where are the neurosomas of the anterior root? Neurosomas of the posterior root are in the posterior root ganglion, whereas neurosomas of the anterior root are in the gray maer. 8. List the ﬁve plexuses of spinal nerves and state where each one is located. The cervical plexus- in the neck The Brachial plexus - near the shoulders lumbar plexus - of the lower back sacral plexus - immediately inferior to this coccygeal plexus - adjacent to the lower sacrum and coccyx 9. State which plexus gives rise to each of the following nerves: axillary, ilioinguinal, obturator, phrenic, pudendal, radial, and sciac. Axillary Nerve-brachial plexus Ilioinguinal nerve- brachial plexus Obturator nerve-cervical plexus Phrenic nerve- cervical plexus Pudendal nerve- lumbosacral plexus Radial nerve- brachial plexus Sciac nerve-lumbosacral plexus 11. State the funcon of each of the following in a muscle spindle: intrafusal ﬁbers, gamma motor neurons, and primary aﬀerent ﬁbers. intrafusal ﬁbers-the muscle ﬁber within the spindles Primary aﬀerent, secondary aﬀerent, Gamma motor neurons- Muscle spindles have three principal classes of nerve ﬁbers; the ﬁrst two are sensory ﬁbers that detect changes in muscle length and the 3rd ﬁber is a motor that adjust the length the length of the muscle spindle

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