Anatomy II

Microbiology

Micro_Exam_4_Review.docx.docx-MICROBIOLOGY NON-MAJORS Instructor: Heidy McDonald Exam

Student Handout Virtual Lab Bacterial Identification Virtual Lab BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION LAB HANDOUT INTRODUCTION Go to hps://www.hhmi.org/biointeracve/explore-virtual-labs . Scroll down and click on “The Bacterial Idenﬁcaon Virtual Lab.” Maximize the screen if you wish. Answer the following quesons in the spaces provided . 1. What is the overall purpose of this virtual lab? Familiarize with science and techniques used to idenfy diﬀerent types of bacteria based on their DNA sequences 2. What are the four basic steps involved in this bacterial idenﬁcaon lab? 1. Prepare a sample from a paent and isolate whole bacterial DNA. 2. Make many copies of the desired piece of DNA. 3. Sequence the DNA. 4. Analyze the sequence and idenfy the bacteria. 3. What is "16S rDNA," and how is it used to idenfy species of bacteria? 16S rDNA is used for idenfying bacteria. It relies on matching the sequence from your sample against a database of all known 16S rDNA. Click to Enter the Lab. (Click the window on the leﬅ-hand side of the screen to enter the lab.) As you enter the lab, follow the instrucons in the lab (leﬅ-hand window). Using the informaon in the Notebook window on the right, answer the following quesons. PART 1: SAMPLE PREPARATION 4. As the pathology lab technician, what is your task in this virtual lab? To idenfy a bacterial sample received from a clinician. 5. Extracng DNA involves which inial step? Pung on gloves and isolang the bacterial sample. 6. What is the wire ring used for? To transfer the bacterial colony into the microcentrifuge tube. www.BioInteractive.org Published January 2015 Page 8 Student Handout Virtual Lab Bacterial Identification Virtual Lab 7. Why are the proteolyc enzymes necessary? In order to eat the cell wall. 8. Why do you then need to inacvate the proteolyc enzymes and how do you do it? We are using diﬀerent enzymes in the following step and you get rid of the proteolyc enzymes by heang the samples in a water bath at 100 degrees Celsius. 9. Aﬅer removing the enzymes, why do you spin the sample in the centrifuge? You spin the sample so the cellular debris becomes a solid deposit at the boom of the tube. 10. a. What is the pellet? The pellet is the solid deposit of cellular debris. b. What is the supernatant? The liquid that contains the DNA. c. Where is the DNA? In the supernatant. PART 2: PCR AMPLIFICATION Go on to Part 2 and work through the PCR steps. Be sure to read the informaon in the notebook, including “What is PCR?” 11. What does “PCR” stand for and what is the purpose of PCR? Polymerase chain reacon. 12. Summarize the process of PCR in a diagram. Include all the steps, labeled and in the right order. (If you are compleng this handout online, draw the diagram on a piece of paper, take a photo, save the image as a PDF, and upload it in the space below.) Add the Master Mix and answer the following quesons: 13. What does the Master Mix contain? Water, a buﬀer, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. www.BioInteractive.org Published January 2015 Page 8

BIOL | 2420 | Microbiology | lab | Student Handout Virtual Lab Ba

ch_20.docx.docx-When substances such as oxygen and

j. Large intestine i. The _______ empty into the ______ through the _______ sphincter between the ________. k. What are the 3 main functions of the large intestine? i. Microbiota 1. What reduces the number of beneficial bacteria? 2. What are probiotics? Prebiotics? How do they help? l. Intestinal gas i. Describe what flatulence is. What causes it? How to help prevent it? m. Describe Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. What are the 2 disorders? n. Describe Irritable Bowel Disease.

BIOL | 2420 | Microbiology | exam | j. Large intestine i. The __

 The three main components of the cardiovascular system are ____, blood vessels and the ____. Heart, Blood  The funcons of the cardiovascular system is to maintain adequate ___ of all body ssues. Perfusion  Arteries carry blood ____ the heart. Away from  The two basic types of blood vessels are ___, which carry blood away form the heart, and ____, which carry blood towards the heart. Arteries/veins  The ____ are smaller then the ___ atria/ventricle  The ____ are the great vessels. Superior vena cava, aorta, inferior vena cava  The pulmonary circulaon includes the movements of blood to and from the ____ for gas exchange. Lungs  The ___ system is responsible for transport of the blood in the body. Circulatory  The ____ are smaller than the ____ atria/ ventricles  The systemic circulaon includes the movement of _____ blood through the leﬅ side of the heart. Oxygenated  The heart has ____ chambers. 4  Blood enters the right ventricle through _____. The right atrium  The ___ valves are between the atria and the ventricles of the heart. Atrioventricular  The boundary between the ventricles and the arterial trunks are the ____ valves. semilunar  In the pulmonary circuit, ____ blood is transported form the right side of the heart to the ____. Deoxygenated/lungs  The ____ of the heart receive blood and the ___ pump blood to the lungs and body ssues. Atria, ventricles  Sarcoplasmic reculum is more extensive is smooth muscle ﬁbers then in skeletal muscle ﬁbers. False  Which opons are part of the cardiac muscles cells? Sarcolemma, T- tubules, myoﬁbrils  Blood vessels visible in the posterior view of the heart include the ____ and inferior vena cava and the ____ veins. Superior, pulmonary  During the refractory period, cardiac muscle _____. Cannot be re- smulated  The long refractory period in the cardiac muscle cells prenents ____ contracon form occurring in the heart and causing pump malfuncon. Tetanic  Right atrioventricular: Three triangular-shaped cusps of dense connecve ssue  Semilunar: Three half-moon shaped cusps of dense connecve ssue  Leﬅ atrioventricular: Two triangular-shaped cusps of dense connecve ssue  The ﬁbrous skeleton of the heart serves to _____ Stabilize the heart valves, isolate the atria form the ventricles, provide an aachment site for cardiac muscle.  A funcon of the ﬁbrous skeleton is to anchor ____ by forming supporve right at their aachment points. Heart Valves  ____ ____ is determined by subtracng cardiac output at rest from cardiac output during exercise. Cardiac reserve  Norepinephrine increases heart rate by _____. Increasing Ca2+ ﬂux into the node cells & binding to the Beta1 receptor  The _____ _____ agents decrease heart rate by causing hyperpolarizaon of the cell membrane potenal. negative chronotropic  The _____ reﬂex protects the heart form overﬁlling. Atrial  Stroke volume (SV) is a healthy adult is approximately. 70mL  Venous return is the amount of blood that returns to the heart, and an increase in venous return would mean _____ in stroke volume. Increase  ____ is the largest determinaon of preload in the heart. Venous return  A large loss of blood would result in ____ in venous return to the heart. decreases  Opening of ____ are visible in the leﬅ atrium. Pulmonary veins  The right atrioventricular opening is covered by the ___ valve. Tricuspid & right atrioventricular  The leﬅ atrioventricular valve has ___ cusps. 2  The cells of the ____ node are the pacemaker of the heart. SA  The ____ ____ is the ability to reach threshold without smulaon. pacemaker potential  A: Coronary sinus

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