Anatomy II

Microbiology

MICROBIOLOGY NON-MAJORS Instructor: Heidy McDonald Exam 4 Questions to Ponder Chapter 19 1- List the natural defenses present in the respiratory tract 1. Physical barriers     - Mucus     - Ciliated epithelium 2. Mechanical     - Glottal reflex     - Coughing 3. Cellular     - Alveolar macrophages (lower)     - Neutrophils - with inflammation 4. Fluid (IgA - upper, IgG - lower) 2- List the types of normal biota presently known to occupy the respiratory tract Only in the upper respiratory tract, gram positive bacteria. (moraxella, non-hemolytic and alpha hemolytic streptococci, cornyebacterium, diptheriods, candida albicans. 3- List the possible causative agents and the modes of transmission of pharyngitis. Common name :       strep throat   Cause   :   •       Streptococcus pyogenes   Mode of transmission   :   •       droplet transmission-active, carriers- in saliva or nasal droplets 4- Discuss the important features (signs and symptoms, causative agent, treatment and prevention) of the following diseases: rhinitis, sinusitis and acute otitis media. Rhinitis s/s - Sneezing, Clear Rhinorrhea, Post-nasal Drainage, Throat Clearing, Cough, Lacrimation, Itchy Eyes Agent - streptococci   Treatment - OTC antihistamines, nasal sprays, Desensitization Prevention - Avoidance Sinusitis S/S - Nasal swelling & congestion, HA, facial pressure & pain,Low grade fever, malaise, Cough: post nasal drip , Purulent/bloody nasal drainage: yellow or green ,Pain, tenderness on percussion over involved area Agent - Indigenous microbiota Treatment - Antibiotics, Decongestants (Sudafed), Saline nose drops/sprays, Avoid, antihistamines, Surgery Prevention- none Acute Otitis Media S/S- - abrupt onset, fever, feeling of blockage in ear, -earache interferes with activity/sleep, -discharge only if tympanic membrane ruptures, -conductive hearing loss, -tympanic membrane with distinct erythema, thickened, bulging, limited or absent movement to positive or negative pressure, -in kiddos: ear rubbing/pulling, irritability, restlessness, cough, fever, vomiting Agent- 1. Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2. Haemophilus influenzae Treatment - vaccines, tubes put in to equalize pressure, decongestants; broad spectrum antibiotics Prevention- breast feeding in upright position; d/c bottle asap & not in bed; keep smoke away from child 5- What is the major virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheria and what are its effects? An exotoxin, produces Diphtheria. Effect - 1) inactivates EF-2 by ADP ribosylation 2) causes pharyngitis 3) 'pseudomembrane' in throat 6- Why is noncompliance during tuberculosis therapy such a big concern? One of the biggest problems with TB therapy is noncompliance on the part of the patient. It is very difficult, even under the best of circumstances, to keep to a regimen of multiple antibiotics daily for months—and most TB patients are living under conditions that are far from the best of circumstances. Failure to adhere to the antibiotic regimen leads to antibiotic resistance in the slow-growing microorganism; in fact, many  M. tuberculosis  isolates are now found to be  MDR-TB , or multidrug-resistant TB. Chapter 20 1- List the natural defenses present in the gastrointestinal tract. All intestinal surfaces are coated with a layer of mucus  Secretory IgA can be found on most surfaces  Muscular walls of the GI tract keep food and microorganisms moving through the action of peristalsis  Saliva contains lysozyme and lactoferrin Stomach fluid is antimicrobial due to its high acidity Bile is also antimicrobial 2- List the two types of possible causative agents of the highlight disease diarrhea and give one example of each. E. coli -contaminated hamburgers, Salmonella -contaminated ice cream Shigella- lax sanitation, malnutrition, and crowding (day care centers, prisons, mental institutions, nursing homes, and military camps) 3- Describe food poisoning and its important features. Food poisoning  refers to symptoms in the gut that are caused by a preformed toxin of some sort. In many cases, the toxin comes from  Staphylococcus aureus.  In others, the source of the toxin is  Bacillus cereus  or  Clostridium perfringens. If a patient presents with severe nausea and frequent vomiting accompanied by diarrhea, and reports that companions with whom he or she shared a recent meal (within the last 1 to 6 hours) are suffering the same fate, food poisoning should be suspected. 4- Compare dental caries and periodontal disease. Dental caries is the most common infectious disease of human beings. The process involves the dissolution of solid tooth surface due to the metabolic action of bacteria. (tooth) Periodontal disease is so common that 97% to 100% of the population has some manifestation of it by age 45. Most kinds are due to bacterial colonization and varying degrees of inflammation that occur in response to gingival damage. (gums) 5- Differentiate among the main types of hepatitis, discussing the causative agents, the mode of transmission, prevention and treatment. Disease Table 20.8 Hepatitis Causative Organism(s) Hepatitis A or E virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus Most Common Modes of Transmission Fecal-oral, vehicle Parenteral (blood contact), direct contact (especially sexual), vertical Parenteral (blood contact), vertical Prevention Hepatitis A vaccine or combined; HAV/HBV vaccine HBV recombinant vaccine - Treatment HAV: hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin; HEV: immune globulin Interferon, tenofovir, or entecavir (Pegylated) interferon, with or without ribavirin 6- What are some of the ways helminthic diseases can be slowed down or prevented? Hygiene, sanitation

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