Biochemistry Cellular and Molecular Biology

Introductory Organismal Biology

Lecture 19: Animal Diversity -Quiz 1. Which animal phylum is the characterized by being asymmetrical, no ssues, and no digesve system? a. Porifera 2. Which one is true about the Cnidaria? a. They have an incomplete digesve track 3. Which is true about the polyp stage? a. It reproduces asexually 4. Which of the following is a unique body plan feature of Mollusca? a. A foot, visceral mass, and mantle cavity 5.

BIO | 106 | Introductory Organismal Biology | assessment | Lecture 19: Animal Diversity -

LBL Homework 12 Chapter 20: Phylogeny Concept 20.1: Phylogenies show evoluonary relaonships Q1: What is meant by ‘Binomial Nomenclature’ and who invented this system? - Discovered by Carolus Linnaeus - A two-part format for scienﬁc names for organisms: 1 st part: ﬁrst part of binomial is the name of speciﬁc e GENUS to which species belong—2ns part: speciﬁc ep •The two part format of the scientific name of an organism •The binomial name concists of -Genus and species -Always written in a different font (italics) -Genus is always capitalized; species is always lowercase Example: Homo sapiens or Panthera pardus(scientific name for large cat called the leopard) Q2: List the taxonomic ranks of the hierarchical classiﬁcaon system in order from least to most inclusive. 1)Domains 2)Kingdom - Animalia 3)Phylum - Chordata 4)Class - Mammalia 5)Order - Primates 6)Family- Hominidae 7)Genus - Homo 8)Species - H. sapiens Q3: Phylogenec tree reading. (a) What is a polytomy? - The evoluonary history of a speciﬁc group of species (b) What are sister taxa? - Group of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence their closest relave (c) Where can you ﬁnd the most recent common ancestor of two taxa in a phylogenec tree? - The tree is rooted, which means that a branch point within the tree (oﬅen drawn farthest to the leﬅ) represents the most recent common ancestors of all the taxa. Concept 20.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data. Q4: What is a homology? - Similarity in characteriscs resulng from a shared ancestor Q5: What is the diﬀerence between homology and analogy? Analogy: similaries between two species that is due to descent from common ancestors with the same trait Q6: What does the term homoplasy mean? - A similar (analogous) structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently into two species Concept 20.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenec trees Q7: (a) What is the diﬀerence between mono-, para-, and polyphylec groups? MONO: “single tribe” signifying that it consists of ancestral species and all is decedents PARA: “besides the tribe” group which consists of ancestral species and some, but not all, of its decendents POLY:” many tribes” group which includes distantly related species but. Does not include their most recent common ancestors 3 Clade - a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants Monophyletic - Made up of an ancestral species and all of its descendants. Only monophyletic groups qualify as legitimate taxa in cladistics Paraphyletic - a group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants Polyphyletic - one that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon (b) Which one describes a legimate clade? - Q8: (a) What is a shared derived character? evolutionary novelty unique to a clade - Shared features of organisms that arose at some point in the history of life. E.g Hinged jaw - ( b) What is a shared ancestral character? - A   shared ancestral character   is a   character   that originated in an   ancestor   of the taxon.   shared   derived   character . A   shared   derived   character   is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade. A   character   can be both   ancestral   and derived, depending on the context. - 3

BIO | 106 | Introductory Organismal Biology | homework | LBL Homework 12 Chapter 20: Ph

LBL Homework 30 Chapter 40 (Concepts 40.4-40.5) Chapter 41 (Concept 41.3) – Disturbance and Succession Chapter 40 Q1: What type of survivorship curve do oysters have? Type 3 Q2: What two factors contribute to a decrease in populaon size? Mortality and Emigraon Q3: What causes populaon size to level oﬀ at a carrying capacity? Factors such as insuﬃcient space, food supply, or sunlight Q4: Which growth model takes carrying capacity into consideraon? exponenal / logisc / per capita The Logisc model incorporates a carrying capacity Chapter 41 Q5: What is ecological succession? The process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over me. Includes primary and secondary succession. Q6: Disnguish between primary succession and secondary succession: Primary succession occurs in areas with virtually no soil, where soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as volcanic erupons, newly formed sand dunes or rocks from a glacier. Secondary succession happens in places where there was already life, such as a place where there was a forest ﬁre. Q7: What are the ﬁrst two types of mulcellular organisms to colonize in primary succession? Lichens and Mosses Q8: Which species typically colonize next? Grasses and shrubs Q9: What two natural processes can result in virtually lifeless areas with no soil? Volcanoes and Glaciers Q10: What advantage do Dryas and alder have in colonizing the land exposed by the retreang glacier in Alaska? They are nitrogen ﬁxing colonizers

BIO | 106 | Introductory Organismal Biology | homework | LBL Homework 30 Chapter 40 (Co

LBL17___Animals2.docx.docx-LBL Homework 17 Chapter 27: The

LBL Homework 27 Chapter 39: Muscles Concept 39.1 Q1: What main molecule makes the thin ﬁlament? actin Q2: What molecule makes the thick ﬁlament? myosin Q3: Sketch a single sarcomere (use Figure 39.2 as a guide). Label the thick and thin ﬁlaments, and the Z-line and M-line: Follow the process of skeletal muscle contracon in Figure 39.4 and answer the following quesons: Q4: Step 1 is a resng muscle. Describe the posion of the myosin head – say what it is and isn’t aached to. Head is bound to ATP and is in low-energy configuration Q5: By the me step 3 happens, the ATP has hydrolyzed. What happens in step 3 as a result? Myosin head binds to the actin, forming a cross-bridge Q6: What happens in step 4 that causes the “sliding moon” between acn and myosin? ADP and P are released, and myosin moves from high energy to low energy position Q7: What happens to cause/allow myosin to let go of acn? the binding of a new molecule of ATP Q8: When ATP runs low, which other molecules are used to connue contracons beyond ~15 minutes? Creatine phosphate and glycogen Regulaon of Contracon: Q9: In Figure 39.5, the divots in the brown acn units represent the binding sites for myosin. What prevents myosin from binding to acn in a resng muscle (as shown in 39.5a)? Menon all of the players: Long tropomyosin and short troponin complex Q10: What does calcium (Ca 2+ ) do to allow myosin heads to bind to the acn? Binds to the toponin complex and changes its shape so that the binding sites are exposed Other Types of Vertebrate Muscle Q11: Name the two other types of muscle (beside skeletal): Cardiac & Smooth Q12: Which one is striated (like skeletal muscle)? Cardiac Q13: Where would you ﬁnd smooth muscle? Mainly in walls of hollow organs, such as blood vessels and digestive tract. *Note: Figure 39.7 is an excellent “big picture” view of skeletal muscle contracon – I recommend it to help your learning.

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