Introductory Organismal Biology

Biochemistry Cellular and Molecular Biology

LBL Homework 25 Chapter 37: Neurons & Acon Potenals Lines of Communicaon Q1: What type of signals are associated with long distance communicaon? Circle one: chemical / electrical Concept 37.1: Neuron Structure & Funcon Q2: Sketch a single neuron and label the cell body , dendrites , and axon : Q3: Deﬁne the following terms: a. Synapse : The junction where a neuron communicates with another cell across a narrow gap via a neurotransmitter or an electrical coupling . b. Neurotransmier : A molecule that is released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response . Q4: What is the funcon of each of the following in the nervous system? a. Sensory neurons - transmit information from eyes and other sensors that detect external stimuli or internal conditions b. Interneurons – Form the local circuits connecting neurons in the brain or ganglia. Interneurons are responsible for the integration (analysis and interpretation) of sensory input c. Motor neurons - extend out of the processing centers, transmitting signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract Q5: Idenfy the funcons of each component of the nervous system: a. Peripheral nervous system: Carries information in and out of the CNS, sensory and motor neurons, and Nerves – neuron bundles b. Central nervous system: Integration, Brain and Spinal cord, mostly interneurons c. Motor neurons: extend out of the processing centers, transmitting signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract. Concept 37.2: Resng potenal Q6: Answer the following quesons to describe the resng potenal of a mammalian neuron: a. Where is the highest concentraon of potassium ions? Circle one: Inside the cell / Outside the cell b. Where is the highest concentraon of sodium ions? Circle one: Inside the cell / Outside the cell c. Where is the highest concentraon of chloride ions? Circle one: Inside the cell / Outside the cell d. Where is the highest concentraon of large anions? Circle one: Inside the cell / Outside the cell Q7: a. Which direcon does the sodium-potassium pump sodium ? Circle one: Inside the cell / Outside the cell b. Which direcon does the sodium-potassium pump potassium ? Circle one: Inside the cell / Outside the cell Concept 37.3: Acon potenals Hyperpolarizaon and Depolarizaon Q8: What is a “voltage-gated” ion channel? A channel that opens in response to a shift in the voltage across the plasma membrane of the neuron. Q9: When voltage-gated potassium channels open, they allow for K + to move down its concentraon gradient across the cell membrane: a. Which direcon will it ﬂow? Circle one: Inside the cell / Outside the cell b. How does this ﬂow of ions inﬂuence the inside of the cell? A: it becomes more Circle one: … posive / negave Q10: When voltage-gated sodium channels open, they allow for Na + to move down its concentraon gradient across the cell membrane: a. Which direcon will it ﬂow? Circle one: Inside the cell / Outside the cell b. How does this ﬂow of ions inﬂuence the inside of the cell? A: it becomes more Circle one: … posive / negave c. Which term is associated with this result? Circle one: … depolarizaon / hyperpolarizaon Q11: Aﬅer you read about acon potenals , take a close look at Figure 37.12. a. What are the gates doing in the resng state (1)? The gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed . b. Which gates open during depolarizaon? The Na+ channel opens from a stimulus c. What ion is sll ﬂowing during the undershoot (5) and which direcon is it ﬂowing? K+ ﬂows Outside Cell 2

BIO | 106 | Introductory Organismal Biology | homework | LBL Homework 25 Chapter 37: Ne

Biol 106 10 th ed. 2016 Learn Before Lecture Chapter 54: Community Ecology Concept 54.1: PREDATION 1. For each of the feeding adaptaons listed, explain how it helps the predator obtain its prey a. acute senses – Help predators idenfy and locate prey. b. claws, fangs or poison – Help predators catch and subdue pray. c. speed & agility - To maintain speed to catch prey, if the prey is faster predators cannot survive. 2.Potenal prey animals have adaptaons that reduce the chance of being eaten. List all of the behavioral adaptaons discussed: - Mechanical Defensive - Chemical Defense - Aposemac coloraon: warning coloraon - Crypc coloraon camouﬂage - Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one - Mullerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species mimic each other. 3. Consider morphological and physiological adaptaons for predator avoidance. Examine Figure 54.5 and read the associated text above it to describe the following predator avoidance adaptaons Deﬁne the following defensive adaptaons for avoiding predaon: a. Crypc coloraon: Makes prey diﬃcult to see by camouﬂage. b. Aposemac coloraon: A warning coloraon, such as a poison dart frog. c. Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one. d. Mullerian mimicry: Two or more unpalatable (harmful) species resemble each other. 4. How do predators use mimicry? Predators such as the mimic octopus, use mimicry to approach prey. For example, imitang a crab to a approach another crab and eat it.

BIO | 106 | Introductory Organismal Biology | homework | Biol 106 10 th ed. 2016 Learn 

Problem set 7 MBB 222 Spring 2020 (Kovalyova) Answer the questions to the best of your ability. Type out answers only single-spaced on a minimal number of pages. Hand in to your TA at the beginning of tutorial; keep a copy for yourself to go over in tutorial. Due in tutorial the week of March 16-20, 2020. 1. Compare DNA polymerases I and III with respect to their structures (i.e. how big, how many subunits? functional domains) and roles in DNA replication. DNA pol I DNA pol III structure roles in rep’n 2. What is the difference between the lagging strand and the Okazaki fragments? Explain, with the help of a diagram, how both the leading strand and the lagging strand can be synthesized simultaneously by a single dimeric DNA pol III complex when the two template strands are anti- parallel. Draw a replication fork showing how this occurs. Show/label DNA pol III, the leading strand, the Okazaki fragments, the RNA primers. Indicate the direction of the replication fork migration, which is the same as that of the polymerase complex. 3. Describe in your own words how Okazaki fragments become joined to produce a continuous DNA lagging strand. Include the names of the enzymes involved. 4. (a) Briefly describe 2 mechanisms that insure that correct nucleotides are added during DNA replication. (b) What is the process called whereby DNA polymerases identify a mismatched base on the nucleotide that has just been added and they excise the offending nucleotide? Which of the DNA polymerases has this function? What is the direction of nuclease activity related to this function? 5. What is the function of the  -clamp on DNA polymerase? 6. Review questions 3-6 on p. 144 of your textbook. 7. Review question 10-13 on p. 1051 of your textbook. 1

BIO | 107 | Biochemistry Cellular and Molecular Biology | homework | Problem set 7 MBB 222 Spring 2

Lecture 21: 1. What is the advantage of a gastrovascular cavity? a. You can use it to distribute nutrients to all cells and for digeson too 2. What is the advantage of an complete digesve tract (alimentary canal)? a. You can eat another meal while the ﬁrst meal is sll being digested 3. What is the mix of food and digesve juice called? a. Chyme 4. How might a longer intesne be adapve for plant eaters? a. There will be a longer me for digeson to occur

BIO | 106 | Introductory Organismal Biology | assessment | Lecture 21: 1. What is the adv

Lab 11 For this week’s lab, you will not be using your lab manual. Normally, a big part of this week’s lab is a dissecon of a rat and a survey of some major organ systems. In lieu of this, you will be watching a video of a mouse dissecon. The link to the video is on Blackboard. As you watch, answer the quesons below. The quiz quesons will be based on this list. 1. What aribute of the mouse’s incisors is typical of a rodent? - The keep growing 2. Why do a mouse’s eyes have a red color? - Due to deep blood vessels 3. The mouse’s limbs are described as pentadactyl. What does this term describe? (You may need to Google it). - having 5 toes or ﬁngers or derived from such a form as characteriscs of all tetrapods 4. How do the posions of the urinary and genital tract openings diﬀer between males and females? - Female: Vigina is interior of anus - Male: scrotum hides anus and Foreskin 5. Where are the salivary glands located? - The base of the head 6. What are the two regions of the trunk called? - Thorax and abdomen 7. What is the name of the muscle that separates those two regions? - diaphragm 8. What are the major organs located in the thoracic cavity? - Lungs, thymus and heart 9. What are the three main components of the respiratory system? - Larynx, trachea, and lungs 10. How is the right lung diﬀerent from the leﬅ lung? - Right lung is divided into 4 lobes and the leﬅ is only 1 large lobe 11. What are the 2 subdivisions that the trachea leads to in the lungs? - Bronchus and bronchioles 12. These subdivisions lead to alveoli where gas exchange occurs. 13. What are the two parts of the circulatory system? What does each part connect the heart to? - Pulmonary: lungs and heart - systemic : heart and other organs 14. Starng with blood returning from the head and other parts of the body, list the order blood passes the following, before returning to the head and other parts of the body: leﬅ atrium, right atrium, leﬅ ventricle, right ventricle, vena cava, aorc arch, lungs, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, leﬅ atrium. Leﬅ ventricle, aorc arch, aorta, 15. List the four regions of the digesve tract. - esophagus, stomach, small and large intesne 16. Which blood vessels need to be cut to move the heart and lungs out of the way, so the esophagus is visible in its whole length? - vena cava, aorc arch 17. To unroll the intesnes, what structures must be gently torn? - mesenteries 18. What makes the rectum easily recognizable in this mouse? - droppings inside the mouse 19. How many lobes does the liver consist of? - 4 lobes 20. Where does the bile duct deliver hepac (liver) secreons to? - 21. Where is the pancreas located? - behind stomach 22. What type of organ is the spleen? - oenological 23. What three structures does urine pass through aﬅer leaving the kidneys? - ureters, urinary bladder, urethra 24. What glands are located directly on top of the kidneys? - adrenal glands 25. What is the funconal diﬀerence between the male and female urethra? - only a urinary funcon in female - urogenital funcon and sperm/urine 26. Where does the urinary path end in the female? - ends of urinary papilla 27. What structures connect the ovaries with the uterus? - oviducts 28. Where are the tescles normally located? Where do they move during mang? - tescles are located in abdomen and move to scrotum when mang 29. What structure moves sperm from the tescle to the vas deferens? - epididymis 30. What do Tyson’s glands secrete? - lubricang compounds for mang

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