Anatomy and Physiology

Principles of Biology

Exam 1 Chapter Checkpoint Questions Chapter 1 2. Give your own example of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its function.  The ﬁngers would be a good example. There are individual little limbs or digits so that you are able to pick things up with them.  Another example would be the stomach. The stomach is hollow so that the food can enter into it and be broken down by the acid so that it can move along to the next organ of the digestive system. 9. What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a feedback system.  Disorders  Diseases  Stress 10. How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they diﬀerent?  They’re similar because they both are a cycle of events that help restore homeostasis.  They’re diﬀerent because the Negative Feedback System causes the body to initiate change in the opposite direction of the change and the Positive Feedback System causes the body to amplify the change in the body. Chapter 3 2. How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions govern the arrangement of membrane lipids in a bilayer? The hydrophilic heads face outward in a watery ﬂuid on either side of the membrane while the hydrophobic tails are inside the phospholipids forming a nonpolar region in the membrane’s interior. 4. “The proteins present in a plasma membrane determine the function that a membrane can perform.” Is this statement true or false? Explain your answer. This is true because the assortment of proteins is what determine a lot of the membrane’s functions. Some examples would be the ion channels (pores,) carriers, and enzymes. 8. What factors can increase the rate of diﬀusion?  The concentration gradient  Distance  Surface area  Temperature 10. What is osmotic pressure? The pressure applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a solution. 11. Deﬁne the terms isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic as they relate to solutions. How they relate to osmotic pressure. Isotonic- any solution in which a normal shape and volume. Hypertonic- a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than they cytosol inside the cell or solute. Hypotonic- a higher concentration of solutes than a cytosol inside the cell or solute. Chapter 4 4. Which types of cell junctions are found in epithelial tissues? 1. Tight junctions 2. Adherens junctions 3. Gap junctions 7. What characteristics are common to all epithelial tissues?  Tightly packed cells  Avascular  Held in place by “basement membrane” or connective tissue. 11. In what ways does connective tissues diﬀer from epithelia?  All epithelial tissues lack a direct blood supply but with the exception of 3, connective tissues have a great blood supply.  Epithelial tissue forms the internal and external surface of organs. It helps with protection and regulates materials that enters and exits the surface. Connective tissue protects and binds other tissues and organs.  Epithelial tissue cells are in single or multiple layers but connective tissues are scattered in the matrix. 24. What common changes occur in epithelial and connective tissues with aging.  Both tissues take longer to heal.  The tissues become thinner and more fragile.  Extracellular components also change with age. (Glucose)  Stiﬀening and loss of elasticity. Chapter 5 4. What are the three pigments in the skin and how do they contribute to skin color?  Melanin, Hemoglobin, and carotene  The amount of the pigments is what causes the skin color to vary. 8. Contrast the locations and functions of sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and ceruminous glands.

BIO | 101 | Principles of Biology | exam | Exam 1 Chapter Checkpoint Ques

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BtOL 1210 Quiz 5 Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? A. it is a peripheral membrane protein __-- specificity for a particular type of molecule C. it requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function D. it works against diffusion Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion? A. it is very rapid over long distances B. it requires an expenditure of energy by the cell it is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower coicentration - - D. it is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration II Mammalian blood contain the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater? A: water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse B. NaCI will passively diffuse into the red blood cells C. the blood cells will take up water, swell, and eventually burst D. there will be no net change of water or NaCl Urn In which of the following would there be the greatest need for osmoregulation? A. an animal connective tissue cell bathed in isotonic body fluid B. cells of a tidepool animal such as an an rone C. a red blood cell surrounded by plasma D. BOL 1210 Quiz 5 a lymphocyte before it has been taken back into lymph fluid Qtti White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process? A. exoc ~ phagocytosis pinocytosis D. osmosis Ques tion l The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that A. pinocytosis requires cellular energy, but receptor-mediated endocytosis does not B. pinocytosis increases the surface area of the plasma membrane whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis decreases the plasma membrane surface area pinocytosis is nonselective in the m6kecu1es it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated dwito st D. there is no difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity? A. a lower proportion of unsaturated phospholipids B. a great er pinportJon of saturated phospholipids ( liigli gher temperature D. a relatively high protein content in the membrane Which of the following is characterized by a cell releasing a signal molecule into the enviornment followed by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding? A. hormonal signaling B. autocrine signaling C.

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