Principles of Biology

Anatomy and Physiology

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Exam 1 Chapter Checkpoint Questions Chapter 1 2. Give your own example of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its function.  The ﬁngers would be a good example. There are individual little limbs or digits so that you are able to pick things up with them.  Another example would be the stomach. The stomach is hollow so that the food can enter into it and be broken down by the acid so that it can move along to the next organ of the digestive system. 9. What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a feedback system.  Disorders  Diseases  Stress 10. How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they diﬀerent?  They’re similar because they both are a cycle of events that help restore homeostasis.  They’re diﬀerent because the Negative Feedback System causes the body to initiate change in the opposite direction of the change and the Positive Feedback System causes the body to amplify the change in the body. Chapter 3 2. How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions govern the arrangement of membrane lipids in a bilayer? The hydrophilic heads face outward in a watery ﬂuid on either side of the membrane while the hydrophobic tails are inside the phospholipids forming a nonpolar region in the membrane’s interior. 4. “The proteins present in a plasma membrane determine the function that a membrane can perform.” Is this statement true or false? Explain your answer. This is true because the assortment of proteins is what determine a lot of the membrane’s functions. Some examples would be the ion channels (pores,) carriers, and enzymes. 8. What factors can increase the rate of diﬀusion?  The concentration gradient  Distance  Surface area  Temperature 10. What is osmotic pressure? The pressure applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a solution. 11. Deﬁne the terms isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic as they relate to solutions. How they relate to osmotic pressure. Isotonic- any solution in which a normal shape and volume. Hypertonic- a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than they cytosol inside the cell or solute. Hypotonic- a higher concentration of solutes than a cytosol inside the cell or solute. Chapter 4 4. Which types of cell junctions are found in epithelial tissues? 1. Tight junctions 2. Adherens junctions 3. Gap junctions 7. What characteristics are common to all epithelial tissues?  Tightly packed cells  Avascular  Held in place by “basement membrane” or connective tissue. 11. In what ways does connective tissues diﬀer from epithelia?  All epithelial tissues lack a direct blood supply but with the exception of 3, connective tissues have a great blood supply.  Epithelial tissue forms the internal and external surface of organs. It helps with protection and regulates materials that enters and exits the surface. Connective tissue protects and binds other tissues and organs.  Epithelial tissue cells are in single or multiple layers but connective tissues are scattered in the matrix. 24. What common changes occur in epithelial and connective tissues with aging.  Both tissues take longer to heal.  The tissues become thinner and more fragile.  Extracellular components also change with age. (Glucose)  Stiﬀening and loss of elasticity. Chapter 5 4. What are the three pigments in the skin and how do they contribute to skin color?  Melanin, Hemoglobin, and carotene  The amount of the pigments is what causes the skin color to vary. 8. Contrast the locations and functions of sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and ceruminous glands.

BIO | 101 | Principles of Biology | exam | Exam 1 Chapter Checkpoint Ques

V ~ 1 0" 499 BIOL 1210 Quiz 3 Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions? fa cids B. ccpes protein Which of the classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers? A. t6ohydrates proteins D. nucleic acids Which of the following is not a polymer? (cose B. starch C. cellulose D. chitin What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? A. phosphodiester linkages B. hydrolysis (Ihydration synthesis D. phosphorylation Which is the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysfs  BIOL 1210 Quiz 5 Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane? An ;wr A. phospholipids and cellulose B. nucleic acids and proteins os (oli ids p rot eins D. proteins and cellulose (' 1 ut-slioll /Z Phospholipids are __, meaning that they have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region. A. nonpolar B. isotonic C. inorganic ; amphi cathic The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals A. enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops B. enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids C. enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids D. makes the membrane less flexible, allowing it to sustain greater pressure from within the cell Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep a cell membrane more fluid at lower temperatures 2 ' :e ~~ nds for ~ mkinks in the fa a' -& j -preven-ting-adfatent lipids from packing tightly B. unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content and therefore more cholesterol in membranes C. unsaturated fatty acids are more polar than saturated fatty acids BIOL 1210 Quiz 5 D. the double bonds block interaction among the hydrophilic head groups of the lipids Which of the following is true of integral membrane proteins? A they lack structure B. C. they are In , a cell "gulps" droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles. A. exocytosis C. receptor-mediated endocytosis pinocytosis> Q-" Which of the following processes includes all the others? Aiwr A. osmosis B. diffusion of a solute across a membrane (N passive transport transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? A. hydrophilic nonpolar and hydrophobic large and polar D. monosaccharides such as glucose

BIO | 101 | Principles of Biology | exam | V ~ 1 0" 499 BIOL 1210 Quiz 3 

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