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4410 Final Exam Review.docx
4410_Final_Exam_Review.docx
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4410 Final Exam Review.docx-I. Cognitive Behavior ...
4410_Final_Exam_Review.docx-I. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) a.
4410 Final Exam Review.docx-I. Cogn...
4410_Final_Exam_Review.docx-I. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) a.
Page 9
i.
Adult boot camps
1.
Few significant differences between treatment & control groups –
no indication that adult boot camps work
ii.
Juvenile boot camps
1.
Similar results to adult boot camps – few significant differences
between treatment & control groups – no indication that juvenile
boot camps work
VII.
Juveniles
a.
No separation by type of offender (age, sex, crime type or seriousness) in early
jails and penitentiaries
b.
Houses of Refuge
i.
State run communal housing for homeless youth at risk for delinquency
ii.
First in New York (1825), many others followed in large cities (Boston,
Philadelphia)
iii.
Located in urban areas
iv.
Many of the same problems as jails and prisons -- overcrowding,
dilapidated facilities, staff abuse
c.
Reform Schools
i.
Increased emphasis on education while youth were under state care
1.
E.g., San Francisco Industrial School (1859)
ii.
Same emphasis today in juvenile correctional institutions
d.
Juvenile Court
i.
Established in Cook County, IL (1899)
ii.
Nearly all states by 1925
e.
Parents patriae (state as parent)
i.
Right of the state to intervene on behalf of youth deemed to be in need
(e.g., their life circumstances or previous delinquent behavior)
f.
Focus on the needs of the youth, not their crime
g.
Process youth under the age of 18 who have committed criminal acts
i.
Generally, idea that youth should be rehabilitated and not imprisoned
h.
Juvenile waivers
i.
Juvenile court relinquishes control over the child
ii.
Sends to adult court
iii.
Viewed as more punitive (e.g., “tried as an adult”)
i.
Types of waivers
i.
Judicial - judge
ii.
Prosecutorial – prosecutor
iii.
Statutory – legislator
iv.
Typically for serious violent crimes
v.
When a juvenile is waived to adult court than the crime is very serious
j.
Delinquency
i.
Offenses by minors that would be crime if committed by adults
k.
Status Offenses
i.
Crimes only illegal for minors and who do not obey by the structure law
ii.
Behaviors that are illegal only for minors (due to their “status”)
Page 10
1.
Smoking
2.
Drinking
3.
Skipping school
4.
Breaking curfew
iii.
Vast majority of juvenile offenses
l.
Age Crime Curve
i.
Well-established fact of crime:
1.
Crime increases with age into the teenage years and declines
thereafter
2.
Replicated in all places and at all times (that have been measured)
ii.
any theory of crime must explain this pattern
iii.
Any intervention must consider this pattern
m.
Moffitt’s Dual Taxonomy of Antisocial Behavior
i.
Two groups of offenders
ii.
Adolescent-Limited (AL) offenders
1.
Offend during late adolescence and early adulthood
2.
Mostly status offenses
3.
Start offending because of a
maturity gap
4.
Stop offending because they secure desired resources as adults
(e.g., money, status).
iii.
Life-Course-Persistent (LCP) offenders
1.
Start offending earlier (e.g., early adolescence) and continue to
offend throughout life
2.
Engage in more serious crimes (e.g., violent crimes)
3.
Start offending because of neuropsychological deficits—develop
an antisocial personality pattern
4.
Continue offending because of their antisocial personality pattern
5.
Committing crime because children are motivated to do things they
aren’t allowed to do
n.
Landmark Supreme Court cases
i.
Roper v. Simmons (2005)
1.
No death penalty to those under 18
2.
Cited developmental brain research
ii.
Graham v. Florida (2010)
1.
No life without parole for juveniles sentenced for non-homicide
offenses
2.
LWOP sentences for juveniles who commit homicide should be
rare
3.
“...children have enormous capacity for change and rehabilitation
compared to adults”
VIII.
Juveniles
a.
Any of the major methods of treatment can be applied to juveniles
i.
Intensive supervision probation (ISP)
ii.
Electronic monitoring (EM)
iii.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
iv.
Educational and vocational programs
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