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BIOL-1106 - Topic II - Review and Concept Maps.docx
BIOL-1106_-_Topic_II_-_Review_and_Concept_Maps.docx
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BIOL-1106 - Topic II - Review and Concept Maps.doc...
BIOL-1106_-_Topic_II_-_Review_and_Concept_Maps.docx-Daniel T. Eisert Topic II: Animal
BIOL-1106 - Topic II - Review and C...
BIOL-1106_-_Topic_II_-_Review_and_Concept_Maps.docx-Daniel T. Eisert Topic II: Animal
Page 1
Daniel T. Eisert
Topic II: Animal
Anatomy
BIOL-1106: Principles of Biology
TEST: July 25, 2017
LESSON VII
Loose Connective Tissue
Loose scatterings or protein fibers; beneath skin and between organs
Dense Connective Tissue
Tightly packed; tendons, ligaments, tough coverings surrounding muscles,
organs, and nerves
Fat/Adipose Tissue
Provides insolation, cushion, and energy
Ectoderm:
skin, hair, and nervous system
(outer layer)
Mesoderm:
organs, tissues, and bone
(middle layer)
Endoderm:
digestive and respiratory
tracts (inner layer)
Integumentary:
skin, provides
protection
Endocrine:
hormones
responds to
chemical signals
Epithelial Tissue:
covers all surfaces
and can come from any germ layer (simple, stratified, pseudostratified)
Radiation
Heat transfer from the sun (warm
cool)
Convection
Water/air moving over the surface of the animal (heat loss or heat gain;
warm
cool)
Conduction
Direct transfer of heat (warm
cool)
Evaporation
Hopefully you passed second grade…
LESSON VIII
Schwann cells:
produced by oligodendrocytes,
they form a myelin sheath around the axon. The
myelin sheath serves as insolation.
White matter
= myelinated axons
Gray matter
= unmyelinated dendrites
1.
Sensory Receptors:
detect the internal and external
environment.
2.
Sensory Neurons:
carry receptor impulses to the central
nervous system (to the brain).
Daniel T. Eisert
BIOL-1106: Principles of Biology
Page 1 of 8
Stimulus
Sensor
(monitor)
Integrating
Center
(compares)
Effector
(change
manager)
Response
(change
worker)
Excited Impulses?
Yes
Outgoing impulse
through the axon and
the terminal buds
No
Well that's a bummer...
Motor Pathways
Somatic Nervous
System (voluntary
movement)
Autonomic Nervous
System (involuntary -
digestion, heart rate)
Sympathetic Nervous
System (stressful
situations ~ "fight or
flight")
Autosympathetic
Nervous System
(restful functions)
***Note: smaller
animals have higher
metabolic rates;
therefore, they can lose
or gain heat
significantly faster.
Page 2
3.
Interneurons:
make signals between neurons and integrate those signals; subsequently, they are passed
onto the motor neurons.
4.
Motor Neurons:
carry impulses to effectors (typically a muscle or a gland; from the brain).
1.
Frontal lobe:
executive function,
motor cortex, higher order
thinking.
2.
Parietal lobe:
body sensations,
math, spatial analysis.
3.
Occipital lobe:
visual cortex
4.
Temporal lobe:
auditory complex
Welcome to the Spinal Cord! ~
Bypassing the Brain
(
Somatic NS Reflex
)
Meninges:
connective tissue membranes which cover the spinal cord and brain.
Gray Matter
= inner zone;
white matter
= myelinated axons of sensory and motor neurons.
***Note: most reflexes are not
monosynaptic
, for impulses must pass more than one synapse within the gray
matter. It is advantageous for reflexes to be myelinated to increase speed and efficiency.
Nerves:
bundles of axons
Ganglia:
clusters of cell bodies outside of the
CNS.
Preganglionic:
in the spinal cord
Autonomic NS Reflex (two motor neurons)
Postganglionic:
cell body in a nerve ganglion outside
of the CNS
transmits signal to an effector (result is
either stimulator OR inhibitory).
LESSON IX
1.
Impulse:
the
ability to create
electric charge
differences across the
plasma membrane of the
neuron.
Daniel T. Eisert
BIOL-1106: Principles of Biology
Page 2 of 8
Somatic NS
Responds to convious control, reflexes
Motor neuron cell bodies in the CNS
Axons extend from the CNS to the effector
Axons are highly myleinated
Skeletal muscle effectors
Increased heart rate, dialated pupils,
increased blood flow
Autonomic NS
Unconcious/involuntary
Two neurons to reach the effector (pre and
post)
Little or no myleination
Stimulatory/inhibitory effect
Cardiac and smooth muscle glands are
effectors
Increase gastric activity, constrict
bronchioles
Sympathetic Division
Stressful situations (lots of energy
needed)
Nerves originate in the middle
portion of the spinal cord
Long postganglionic neurons
Sympathetic ganglia located
outside of the spinal cord
Parasynthetic Division
Relaxing (low body energy)
Most nerves originate in the brain
stem or some regions of the spinal
cord
Long preganglionic neurons
Ganglia located near the effector
organ
PNS: Receives
information
Passes
information
to CNS
CNS carries
responses to
the effectors
Connects the brain to
the spinal cord;
coordinates motor
responses.
Hindbrain
Receives and
processes visual
information (optic
tectum)
Midbrain
Relay center for
incoming
information/higher
order processing
(controls
homeostasis
)
Forebrain
Inside the cell...
More Negative (because
of membrane transport
proteins)
More K
Less Na
Outside the cell...
Less Negative
Less K
More Na
Left Brain
Right Brain
Controls right side
Lang., math,
intrapersonal space
Parasynthetic
Approach
Broca’s area
,
Wernicke’s area
,
Exher’s hand area
Controls left side
Survival,
emotional,
extrapersonal
space
Synthetic drive
Avoidance
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