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BIOL-1106 - Topic II - Review and Concept Maps.docx
BIOL-1106_-_Topic_II_-_Review_and_Concept_Maps.docx
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BIOL-1106 - Topic II - Review and Concept Maps.doc...
BIOL-1106_-_Topic_II_-_Review_and_Concept_Maps.docx-Daniel T. Eisert Topic II: Animal
BIOL-1106 - Topic II - Review and C...
BIOL-1106_-_Topic_II_-_Review_and_Concept_Maps.docx-Daniel T. Eisert Topic II: Animal
Page 5
Dark – Na
+
channels are always open; action potential always on (bipolar cell says to not fire an action
potential).
Light – working opposite – closes Na
+
channels and hyperpolarizes the photo receptor; therefore, an action
potential will not fire.
Umwelt:
the sensory experience of an organism.
***Note: insects do not have a blind spot, for their retina is arranged in the opposite order.
LESSON XI
Hormone Types ~
Neurohormones
Allows the NS to control cells not in direct connection; blood stream.
Paracrine Regulators
Affects nearby cells; released into extracellular space; permits some tissues
and organs to regulate themselves internally.
Autocrine Signals
Self-regulation; common with immune system cells.
Pheromones
Released into the environment to members of the same species.
1.
Glands:
secrete hormones.
Exocrine:
hormones are released into a duct (digestive, outside of
body).
Gland Types ~
Endocrine:
hormones into extracellular space (diffuses into blood).
Hydrophilic Hormones
Lipophilic Hormones
Travels unaided through the blood stream, but cannot
pass through the cell;
∴
,
requires receptors on the
surface of the cell. Can activate protein kinases.
Time: minutes to hours
(can diffuse membrane sans carrier)
Travels with transfer proteins;
∴,
can travel through
the cell membrane (made of lipids)
cells bind with
receptors inside. DNA –
gene transcription
.
Time: hours to days
Case Study ~
Protein Kinases
by
Phosphorylation:
protein
kinases
can be activated
by such process
which
modifies
other proteins by
adding phosphate
groups to them.
This results in a
functional change
of
the
target
protein.
Other
noteworthy ideas
of
hydrophilic
hormones
include
second-messenger
systems and G proteins.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Daniel T. Eisert
BIOL-1106: Principles of Biology
Page 5 of 8
Anterior Pituitary
(Adendypophysis)
Develops from epitherlial tissue, not part of NS
Produces seven hormones produced in neuron cell bodies of
the hypothalamus and travel down the axons to the primary
capillaries.
The primary capillaries carry the neurohormones into portal
veins and enter the secondary capillary bed.
Once neurons reach the anterior pituitary, the pituitary
releases or stops the releasing of hormones.
Posterior Pituitary
Formed from the brain.
Produces two neurohormones--antidiuretic hormones
(causes water to be reobsorbed from the kidneys to the
blood) and oxytocin (social interactions, decreases fear).
Hormones are also produced in the neuron cell bodies of
the hypothalamus. Axons extend into the posterior
pituitary and release them into the blood.
ut Wait, There's
More
Thyroids
Thyroxine and Triiodothyroine
regulate the metabolism of lipids,
internap temperature, bone health, etc.
Calatonin regulates the calcium levels
in the blood.
Parathyroid Glands
Parathryoid hormone helps regulate
blood calcium levels (releases from
bones) and activates Vitamin D.
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal medulla (inner): above each
kidney, secretes hormones for "fight
or flight."
Adrenal cortex (outer): releases lots of
steriods for a lasting response due to
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