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BIOL-1106 - Topic II - Review and Concept Maps.docx
BIOL-1106_-_Topic_II_-_Review_and_Concept_Maps.docx
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BIOL-1106 - Topic II - Review and Concept Maps.doc...
BIOL-1106_-_Topic_II_-_Review_and_Concept_Maps.docx-Daniel T. Eisert Topic II: Animal
BIOL-1106 - Topic II - Review and C...
BIOL-1106_-_Topic_II_-_Review_and_Concept_Maps.docx-Daniel T. Eisert Topic II: Animal
Page 3
2. As sodium leaves the cell, it allows for the building of potassium ions which dephosphorylates
the
protein, and subsequently, two potassium ions enter.
***Note: the voltage gated K
+
gate is always closed during the resting period; the leaky K
+
channels are still
open, for they are not voltage gated.
***Note: small changes in membrane potential are
referred to as a
graded potential
.
1.
Electrical synapses:
utilize gap junctions to
directly
-
transmit action potentials from one cell to
another.
2.
Chemical synapses:
predominant in
vertebrates; neurotransmitters are released as
ligands from the presynaptic cell and then
bound to the postsynaptic cell; they carry
messages across the synapse.
3.
Presynaptic cell:
transmits action potentials to
the
-
synapse.
4.
Postsynaptic cell:
receives the signal from the
presynaptic cell
Case Study ~
Drug Addiction: reuptake inhibition by cocaine
decrease in the
number of receptor proteins. More cocaine is required to feel “good” or eventually just feel normal.
Daniel T. Eisert
BIOL-1106: Principles of Biology
Page 3 of 8
Axon Hillock
Propagation: the movement of an
action potential down the axon
Influx of Na
+
ions during the rising
phase depolarize adjacent sections
of membrane to the threshold.
Saltatory Conduction: jumping of
action potentials between nodes of
Ranvier.
Chemical
Synapses
Presynaptic Cell:
transmits action
potentials.
Action Cell
Action potential
reaches the end
of the
presynaptic
neuron.
Calcium ions
enter via voltage
gated ion
channels.
Postsynaptic cell
receives the
proteins.
Channels are
opened (Na
+
or
others).
Graded potential
is created. If high
enough, another
A.P. is created.
Page 4
LESSON X
Statocysts Motor Receptors
Allows invertebrates to detect gravity and motion.
Utricle Motor Receptors
Allows vertebrates to detect horizontal motion.
Saccule Motor Receptors
Allows vertebrates to detect vertical motion.
1.
Inner Ear:
receptors for sound waves.
2.
Middle & Outer Ear:
converts sound waves
into motion.
***Note: in the ear, more stereocilia lets the K
+
ions
enter causing an action potential.
Eyes:
1.
Light enters in the
cornea
and
lens
(the
pupil
, controlled by the
iris
, determines
how much light enters)
2.
Light is focused on the
retina
. It must
travel through the
ganglion cells
,
bipolar
cells
, and the
rods
(light/dark) and
cones
(color). Signals are then sent to the brain.
The axons from the ganglion cell must be
bundled together to form the
optic nerve
—forms a
blind spot
.
Daniel T. Eisert
BIOL-1106: Principles of Biology
Page 4 of 8
Influx causes
fusion of
synaptic
vessicles with
the plasma
membrane.
Relation of
neurotransmitter
s into the
synaptic cleft.
Mechanoreceptors
Touch, pain,
pressure, hearing
Nociceptor: pain, tissue damage, free nerve
endings (concentrated where injury is likely to
occur)
Thermoreceptor: responses to changes in
temperature (skin, hypothalamus in brain)
Baroreceptors: monitor blood pressure.
Proprioceptors: motor position/movement of body
(muscles and tendons)
Chemoreceptors
Taste, smell, pH
Gustin: receptor for taste
Smell - cillia on dendrites found on the nassal
passage and axons onto the cerebral cortex.
Peripheral Chemoreceptors: monitors pH in the
aortic and carotoid cell bodies (monitored by the
ceptral chemoreceptors in the medule odongata).
Electromagnetic Receptors
Light and heat
Photoreceptors: detect light
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