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Bio 220 Exam 3 Study Guide.docx
Bio_220_Exam_3_Study_Guide.docx
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Bio_220_Exam_3_Study_Guide.docx-Bio 220 Exam 3 Study Guide
Page 1
Bio 220 Exam 3 Study Guide
Directions:
This study guide was created from the exam bank of questions. It is
designed to give indications about what concepts will be important to review in
preparation for the test. Use the PowerPoint slides along with
reading
the textbook and
notes
taken during lecture to study effectively. Do not concentrate solely on the
definitions.
Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Diversity
- measures variety of different versions of same genes within a
species
o
Species Diversity
- measures number of different kinds of organisms within a
community
o
Ecological Diversity
- measures richness and complexity of a community
o
Fragmentation/cloning
– aspens - less genetic diversity
o
Species Diversity
Species Richness
- total number of species in a community
Species Evenness
- relative abundance of individuals within each species
Species definitions
Reproductive isolation
- organisms that breed in nature and produce fertile
offspring
Phylogenetic species concept
- emphasizes the branches on a taxonomic tree
(e.g., cladistic relationships)
Evolutionary species concept
- defines species in terms of evolution and historic
terms
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DNA sequencing and other molecular techniques give insight into taxonomic and
evolutionary relationships
o
Tropical rainforests and coral reefs are biodiversity hotspots.
o
Humans & Biodiversity
Pollution
Pesticides
Lead
Population
Human population growth and resource use
Overharvesting
Passenger pigeon
All major fish stocks expected to collapse within 50 years if current trends
continue
Bushmeat trade- meat like elephants, and other wild animals that people who do
not go to the grocery eat.
Commercial Product and Live Specimens:
Wildlife smuggling is profitable
o
Fur, horns, live specimens, folk medicine
Leopard fur coat= $100,000
Mature Cactus= $100,000
5 million wild birds are sold each year
60% die before reaching market
128 million tropical fish sold annually in US
Hunting and fishing laws
by 1890s, most states had enacted some hunting and fishing laws
o
General idea was pragmatic, not aesthetic or moral preservation.
o
Regulations have been successful for some species:
White-tail deer
Wild turkey
Snowy egret
Habitat loss and fragmentation are caused primarily by
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Humans;
For example:
o
Building
o
Draining wetlands
o
Nutrient enrichment
o
Grazing
o
Cultivation
o
Dredging
o
Stopping fire
o
Clearing
Benefits of biodiversity – instrumental or
intrinsic/inherent
Food
Wild plants could provide new sources of food or more genetic diversity for
existing crops.
Drugs and Medicines
More than half of all modern medicines contain some natural product from a wild
species.
Pharmaceutical companies actively prospect tropical countries for products.
Resources often extracted without compensation (biopiracy).
Sharing profits
provides an incentive to preserve native species.
Ecological Benefits
Soil formation, waste disposal, air and water purification, nutrient cycling, solar
energy absorption, and biogeochemical and hydrological cycles all depend on
biodiversity.
We do not fully understand biological communities.
Loss of a seemingly
insignificant species can be damaging.
E.O. Wilson summarizes the human threat to wildlife with HIPPO (habitat
destruction, invasive species, pollution, population, and overharvesting).
Habitat Destruction
Biggest reason for current increase in extinction is habitat loss
o
Conversion of forest to farmland, cities, etc.
o
Habitat is fragmented into small, scattered plots
o
Loss of habitat due to mining, dams, destructive fishing practices
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