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Bio 220 Exam 3 Study Guide.docx
Bio_220_Exam_3_Study_Guide.docx
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Bio 220 Exam 3 Study Guide.docx-Bio 220 Exam 3 Stu...
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Page 10
Weathering and Sedimentation
Mechanical weathering - physical break-up of rocks into smaller
particles without a change in chemical composition
Chemical weathering - selective removal or alteration of specific
components that leads to weakening and disintegration of rock
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Sedimentation -
deposition of particles of rock transported by wind, water,
ice, and gravity until they come to rest in a new location
Metals consumed in greatest quantity by world industry (metric tons
annually):
Iron
(740 million)
Aluminum
(40 million)
Manganese
(22.4 million)
Copper and Chromium
(8 million ea)
Nickel
(0.7 million)
Page 11
Environmental Management
Types of Mineral Extraction
Placer Mining
- hydraulically washing out metals deposited in
streambed gravel by using water cannons to blast away stream beds
o
Destroys streambeds and fills water with suspended solids.
Underground mining
- tunneling into mineral seams is very
dangerous
o
Tunnels can collapse.
o
Natural gas explosions
o
Water seeping into mine shafts dissolves toxic minerals and
contaminates groundwater.
o
Fires in mines which burn for years
Open pit or strip mining
o
50% of U.S. coal is strip-mined.
o
Creates huge holes in the earth, which fill with contaminated
groundwater.
o
Surface material is left in long ridges called spoil banks,
because these do not contain topsoil, there often is no
vegetation for many years.
Processing Ores
Metals are extracted from ores by heating or treatment with chemical
solvents.
Smelting
- roasting ore to release metals
o
Major source of air pollution
Heap-Leach Extraction
- crushed ore piled in large heaps and
sprayed with a dilute alkaline cyanide solution which percolates
through the pile to dissolve the gold
o
Effluent left behind in ponds can leak into surface water or
groundwater.
Geologic Hazards
Asteroid impact led to extinction of dinosaurs.
Floods take the greatest number of lives, while
Wind causes the most property damage.
Earthquakes
- sudden movements of the Earth’s crust that occur
along faults where one rock mass slides past another
Gradual movement
- called creep or seismic slip
When friction prevents creep, stress builds up until eventually
released with a sudden jerk.
Point at which first movement occurs is called the epicenter.
Page 12
Tsunami can be generated by earthquakes
Terms from Climate Change discussion:
Climate
Weather
Extrapolation/Correlation
Lurking/hidden variable
Cause/effect?
Greenhouse gases/greenhouse effect
– sunlight is allowed to pass
through the atmosphere, but some wavelengths are ‘trapped’ or
prevented for re-radiating out from the earth.
Factors that can contribute to the increase/decrease of the
greenhouse effect
Anthropogenic
Environmental impacts from changes in climate
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