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Biology Exam 1 Notes.docx
Biology_Exam_1_Notes.docx
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Biology Exam 1 Notes.docx-Chapter 1: Classifying L...
Biology_Exam_1_Notes.docx-Chapter 1: Classifying Life and the
Biology Exam 1 Notes.docx-Chapter 1...
Biology_Exam_1_Notes.docx-Chapter 1: Classifying Life and the
Page 1
Chapter 1: Classifying Life and the Process of Science
1.
Characteristics of Life
a.
Order
b.
Evolutionary Adaptation
c.
Respond to stimuli
d.
Reproduce
e.
Grow and develop
f.
Energy processing
g.
Regulation
2.
Levels of Organization
a.
Atom
i.
The smallest unit with individual properties
b.
Molecules
c.
Organelles
d.
Cell
e.
Tissues
f.
Organs
g.
Organ System
h.
Organism
3.
The three domains of life
a.
Domain bacteria
b.
Domain archae
c.
Domain eukarya (humans)
4.
Scientific Method- framework of ordered steps to conduct a scientific
investigation
a.
Hypothesis
i.
Testable statement
ii.
Repeatable by others
iii.
Falsifiable
b.
Prediction
i.
Way of testing hypothesis
ii.
Done by a controlled experiment
c.
Groups
i.
Control
1.
Positive
2.
Negative
ii.
Experimental
d.
Sampling Error
i.
Can lead to inaccurate conclusions
ii.
Must always consider size of sample (have a representative
sample)
e.
Theories
i.
Integrating many well-supported hypothesis together
ii.
Lots of data to support it
iii.
Able to change and grow with new information
Page 2
Chapter 2 & 3: Chemistry for Biologists
1.
Chemistry Vocab
a.
Atom, Electron, Proton, Neutron, Atomic Nucleus, Cation, Anion (Review
in chapter 5 in
Get Ready for Biology
)
2.
3.
Isotope
a.
Radio Isotopes: increase in the neutrons causes the atom to become
unstable thus releasing radiation (We can use these)
4.
Electron- Most energetic particle, not found in the nucleus
5.
Valance Electron (MOST IMPORTANT)
a.
Located in outermost electron ring
b.
Nobel gases don’t interact (outer shell complete)
c.
Big 4 are not complete, they interact
Page 3
6.
Bonds
a.
Chemical bonds
b.
Bond Energy
i.
Covalent- sharing a pair of electrons
ii.
Hydrogen- Sharing a hydrogen atom
iii.
Ionic- Attraction of opposite charges
iv.
Van der Waals interaction- Increase of electron clouds
v.
Hydrophobic- Interaction between nonpolar substance
7.
Polar Covalent Bonds
a.
Depends on how electrons are shared
b.
Electronegativity
i.
Increases going up and right
8.
Ionic Bond
a.
Complete outer shell
b.
Na (cation)
1 outer shell electron
c.
Cl (anion)
7 outer shell electrons
9.
Hydrogen Bonds
10. Weak Interactions
a.
Van der Waals
b.
Hydrophobic
11. Chemical Reactions- Consist of reactants, reaction, and products
12. Water
a.
Cohesion/Adhesion
b.
Temperature Stabilizing
c.
Solid form characteristics
Page 4
d.
Powerful solvent
i.
Hydrophilic
ii.
Hydrophobic
e.
Properties
i.
Ice and liquid
13. Acids and Bases
a.
Acid- pH lower than 7, denotes a hydrogen ion
b.
Base- pH higher than 7, proton receiver, releases OH (neg) (typically)
c.
pH scale is a log scale: 5 to 7 (100x more basic)
14. Salts
a.
Acid + Base= Water + Salt
b.
Provides ions necessary for proper cell function
c.
Electrolytes
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