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Lecture 4 The Early Republic.pdf
Lecture_4__The_Early_Republic.pdf
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Page 3
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Plebeians created a parallel organization of officials/cults that only addressed matters
specific to the plebs - did not affect rest of populus Romanus
●
Plebeians
○
Right to choose their own leaders - tribunes of the plebs
○
Cult site at the temple of ceres
Fall of Veii and the Sack of Rome
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396 - Romans succeed in capturing the Etruscan city of Veii
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387 - large army of Gauls defeated a Roman army
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Gauls dominated the valley of Po River
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End of 5th century - Etruscan cities north of the Apennines were hard-pressed by Gauls
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Gauls
○
No urban culture and social + political organization
○
Political life centered on aristocratic families and their armed retainers
○
Prominent leaders could assemble large forces
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Raid across Apennines
○
Greeks and Romans thought Gauls were uncivilized, warlike, predatory, and
expansionist
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Marcus Furious Camillus - hero of the final war against Veii and recovery after the sack
of Rome
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Dictator
○
Commanded the Roman army that captured Veii
○
Recovered the treasure that the Gauls had taken from the city
○
Reported to have had a central role in opening the highest offices to plebeians in
367 - crucial event in Struggle of Orders
Lecture notes
Foundation of the city: 753 BCE
Monarchy 753 BCE - 509 BCE
Republic 509 BCE - 27 BCE
Empire 27 BCE - 476 BCE
Royal exile
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Lucretia’s husband said that monarchy should end
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Organizes the mob in neighboring towns
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The king is exiled and sent back to Etruria
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New office in charge of Rome is the consulship - 2 consuls are elected: Lucius lunius
Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius collatinus in 509 BCE
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Beginning of democracy: Roman republic
End of monarchy, Tarquinius Superbus exiled
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Lucius lunius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius collatinus - first consuls in 509 BCE
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Consulship, an annual magistracy, shared by 2 people, the highest office in Rome
Page 4
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Occasionally at times of crisis - DICTATORS were appointed in the place of consuls with
a “Master of Cavalry” as second in command
○
Dictator stayed in power for 6 months or however long emergency lasted
Italy in the 5th Century BCE
●
Struggles between Latium and neighboring tribunes continue: Volsci, Aequi, Etruscans
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Another famous Roman who becomes a dictator to save Rome is Lucius Quinctius
Cincinnatus: he literally abandons the plough during farming to save Rome from the
Aequi and then returns to farming
SPQR
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Senatus Populus Que Romanus - The senate and the roman people
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Assemblies of citizens vote on magistracies; depending on what assembly
First Written Law 451-449 - Twelve Tables
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2 commissions of 10 men (decemvirs) appointed to codify the statues
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Tablets in bronze (or ivory) were set up in the Roman forum and displayed for the people
to read and memorize
Struggle of the Orders
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order=class
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Patricians vs plebians
○
Plebians = common people, but diverse group
○
Wealthy fams who claimed ancestral heritage from the time of the city’s
foundation, monopolized the magistracies and offices
●
Reasons for the conflict between patricians and plebeians
○
Food shortage
○
Quarrels over fields and boundaries
○
Warfare that devastates the fields
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Plebeians leadership not as united at the patricians
●
Frequently used the “weapon” threat of secessions - a kind of strike during war;
secession would take place by the withdrawal of the plebs to a hill outside of Rome, until
their demands were met
○
Went on strike
●
494 BCE - first major gain after secession was the creation of the “tribunes of the plebs”
- a match to the “military tribunes” the patricians had
○
Tribunes protected individuals, proposed legislation
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451-449 BCE - creation of the 12 tables
●
445 BCE marriage between patricians and plebeians
Beginning of the 4th century: a victory matched by defeat
●
396 BCE - romans sack the Etruscans city of Veii - make it Roman
○
Veii was the richest city of the Etruscans - very rich fields
○
Roman leader: Marcus Furius Camillus as dictator
●
391-387 BCE - Gauls come near Rome and they sack the city
○
Their leader is the fierce Brennus; romans pay him one thousand pounds weight
of gold
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