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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 6
To Suzanne, Barbara, Daniel, Aron, Nathan, Marvin, Matilde, and Olivia.
The list keeps growing. (AST)
To Marieke, Duko, Jip, and Spot. Fearsome Jedi, all. (HB)
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This page intentionally left blank
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
xxiii
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
3
1.1.1 The Operating System as an Extended Machine
4
1.1.2 The Operating System as a Resource Manager
5
1.2
HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
6
1.2.1 The First Generation (1945–55): Vacuum Tubes
7
1.2.2
The Second Generation (1955–65): Transistors and Batch Systems
8
1.2.3 The Third Generation (1965–1980): ICs and Multiprogramming
9
1.2.4 The Fourth Generation (1980–Present): Personal Computers
14
1.2.5 The Fifth Generation (1990–Present): Mobile Computers
19
1.3
COMPUTER HARDWARE REVIEW
20
1.3.1 Processors
21
1.3.2 Memory
24
1.3.3 Disks
27
1.3.4 I/O Devices 28
1.3.5 Buses
31
1.3.6 Booting the Computer
34
vii
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viii
CONTENTS
1.4
THE OPERATING SYSTEM ZOO
35
1.4.1 Mainframe Operating Systems
35
1.4.2 Server Operating Systems
35
1.4.3 Multiprocessor Operating Systems
36
1.4.4 Personal Computer Operating Systems
36
1.4.5 Handheld Computer Operating Systems
36
1.4.6 Embedded Operating Systems
36
1.4.7 Sensor-Node Operating Systems
37
1.4.8 Real-Time Operating Systems
37
1.4.9 Smart Card Operating Systems
38
1.5
OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS
38
1.5.1 Processes
39
1.5.2 Address Spaces
41
1.5.3 Files
41
1.5.4 Input/Output
45
1.5.5 Protection
45
1.5.6 The Shell
45
1.5.7 Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny
46
1.6
SYSTEM CALLS 50
1.6.1 System Calls for Process Management
53
1.6.2 System Calls for File Management
56
1.6.3 System Calls for Directory Management
57
1.6.4 Miscellaneous System Calls
59
1.6.5 The Windows Win32 API
60
1.7
OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE 62
1.7.1 Monolithic Systems
62
1.7.2 Layered Systems
63
1.7.3 Microkernels 65
1.7.4 Client-Server Model
68
1.7.5 Virtual Machines
68
1.7.6 Exokernels 72
1.8
THE WORLD ACCORDING TO C 73
1.8.1 The C Language
73
1.8.2 Header Files
74
1.8.3 Large Programming Projects
75
1.8.4 The Model of Run Time
76
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CONTENTS
ix
1.9
RESEARCH ON OPERATING SYSTEMS
77
1.10
OUTLINE OF THE REST OF THIS BOOK
78
1.11 METRIC UNITS 79
1.12 SUMMARY
80
2
PROCESSES AND THREADS
85
2.1
PROCESSES 85
2.1.1 The Process Model
86
2.1.2 Process Creation
88
2.1.3 Process Termination 90
2.1.4 Process Hierarchies
91
2.1.5 Process States
92
2.1.6 Implementation of Processes
94
2.1.7 Modeling Multiprogramming
95
2.2
THREADS
97
2.2.1 Thread Usage
97
2.2.2 The Classical Thread Model
102
2.2.3 POSIX Threads
106
2.2.4 Implementing Threads in User Space
108
2.2.5 Implementing Threads in the Kernel
111
2.2.6 Hybrid Implementations
112
2.2.7 Scheduler Activations 113
2.2.8 Pop-Up Threads
114
2.2.9 Making Single-Threaded Code Multithreaded
115
2.3
INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION 119
2.3.1 Race Conditions
119
2.3.2 Critical Regions 121
2.3.3 Mutual Exclusion with Busy Waiting
121
2.3.4 Sleep and Wakeup
127
2.3.5 Semaphores
130
2.3.6 Mutexes
132
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