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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 903
872
CASE STUDY 2: WINDOWS 8
CHAP. 11
Win32 call
Native NT API call
CreateProcess
NtCreateProcess
CreateThread
NtCreateThread
SuspendThread
NtSuspendThread
CreateSemaphore
NtCreateSemaphore
ReadFile
NtReadFile
DeleteFile
NtSetInformationFile
CreateFileMapping
NtCreateSection
VirtualAlloc
NtAllocateVirtualMemory
MapViewOfFile
NtMapViewOfSection
DuplicateHandle
NtDuplicateObject
CloseHandle
NtClose
Figure 11-8.
Examples of Win32 API calls and the native NT API calls that they
wrap.
Since few changes are made to the existing Win32 interfaces in each release of
Windows, in theory the binary programs that ran correctly on any previous release
will continue to run correctly on a new release. In practice, there are often many
compatibility problems with new releases. Windows is so complex that a few
seemingly inconsequential changes can cause application failures. And applica-
tions themselves are often to blame, since they frequently make explicit checks for
specific operating system versions or fall victim to their own latent bugs that are
exposed when they run on a new release. Nevertheless, Microsoft makes an effort
in every release to test a wide variety of applications to find incompatibilities and
either correct them or provide application-specific workarounds.
Windows supports two special execution environments both called
WOW
(
Windows-on-Windows
). WOW32 is used on 32-bit x86 systems to run 16-bit
Windows 3.x applications by mapping the system calls and parameters between the
16-bit and 32-bit worlds. Similarly, WOW64 allows 32-bit Windows applications
to run on x64 systems.
The Windows API philosophy is very different from the UNIX philosophy. In
the latter, the operating system functions are simple, with few parameters and few
places where there are multiple ways to perform the same operation.
Win32 pro-
vides very comprehensive interfaces with many parameters, often with three or
four ways of doing the same thing, and mixing together low-level and high-level
functions, like
CreateFile
and
CopyFile
.
This means Win32 provides a very rich set of interfaces, but it also introduces
much complexity due to the poor layering of a system that intermixes both high-
level and low-level functions in the same API.
For our study of operating systems,
only the low-level functions of the Win32 API that wrap the native NT API are rel-
evant, so those are what we will focus on.
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