|
|
|
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
Showing 343 out of 1137
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 343
312
FILE SYSTEMS
CHAP. 4
4.4.3 File-System Consistency
Another area where reliability is an issue is file-system consistency. Many file
systems read blocks, modify them, and write them out later.
If the system crashes
before all the modified blocks have been written out, the file system can be left in
an inconsistent state. This problem is especially critical if some of the blocks that
have not been written out are i-node blocks, directory blocks, or blocks containing
the free list.
To deal with inconsistent file systems, most computers have a utility program
that checks file-system consistency. For example, UNIX has
fsck
; Windows has
sfc
(and others).
This utility can be run whenever the system is booted, especially
after a crash. The description below tells how
fsck
works.
Sfc
is somewhat dif-
ferent because it works on a different file system, but the general principle of using
the file system’s inherent redundancy to repair it is still valid. All file-system
checkers verify each file system (disk partition) independently of the other ones.
Two kinds of consistency checks can be made: blocks and files. To check for
block consistency, the program builds two tables, each one containing a counter for
each block, initially set to 0.
The counters in the first table keep track of how
many times each block is present in a file; the counters in the second table record
how often each block is present in the free list (or the bitmap of free blocks).
The program then reads all the i-nodes using a raw device, which ignores the
file structure and just returns all the disk blocks starting at 0.
Starting from an i-
node, it is possible to build a list of all the block numbers used in the correspond-
ing file. As each block number is read, its counter in the first table is incremented.
The program then examines the free list or bitmap to find all the blocks that are not
in use. Each occurrence of a block in the free list results in its counter in the sec-
ond table being incremented.
If the file system is consistent, each block will have a 1 either in the first table
or in the second table, as illustrated in Fig. 4-27(a). However, as a result of a
crash, the tables might look like Fig. 4-27(b), in which block 2 does not occur in
either table.
It will be reported as being a
missing block
.
While missing blocks
do no real harm, they waste space and thus reduce the capacity of the disk. The
solution to missing blocks is straightforward: the file system checker just adds
them to the free list.
Another situation that might occur is that of Fig. 4-27(c). Here we see a block,
number 4, that occurs twice in the free list.
(Duplicates can occur only if the free
list is really a list; with a bitmap it is impossible.)
The solution here is also simple:
rebuild the free list.
The worst thing that can happen is that the same data block is present in two or
more files, as shown in Fig. 4-27(d) with block 5.
If either of these files is re-
moved, block 5 will be put on the free list, leading to a situation in which the same
block is both in use and free at the same time.
If both files are removed, the block
will be put onto the free list twice.
Ace your assessments! Get Better Grades
Browse thousands of Study Materials & Solutions from your Favorite Schools
Concordia University
Concordia_University
School:
Operating_Systems
Course:
Great resource for chem class. Had all the past labs and assignments
Leland P.
Santa Clara University
Introducing Study Plan
Using AI Tools to Help you understand and remember your course concepts better and faster than any other resource.
Find the best videos to learn every concept in that course from Youtube and Tiktok without searching.
Save All Relavent Videos & Materials and access anytime and anywhere
Prepare Smart and Guarantee better grades
Know more
Students also viewed documents
lab 18.docx
lab_18.docx
Course
Course
3
Module5QuizSTA2023.d...
Module5QuizSTA2023.docx.docx
Course
Course
10
Week 7 Test Math302....
Week_7_Test_Math302.docx.docx
Course
Course
30
Chapter 1 Assigment ...
Chapter_1_Assigment_Questions.docx.docx
Course
Course
5
Week 4 tests.docx.do...
Week_4_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
23
Week 6 tests.docx.do...
Week_6_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
106
