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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 268
SEC. 3.6
IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
237
3.6.4 Locking Pages in Memory
Although we have not discussed I/O much in this chapter, the fact that a com-
puter has virtual memory does not mean that I/O is absent. Virtual memory and I/O
interact in subtle ways. Consider a process that has just issued a system call to
read from some file or device into a buffer within its address space. While waiting
for the I/O to complete, the process is suspended and another process is allowed to
run. This other process gets a page fault.
If the paging algorithm is global, there is a small, but nonzero, chance that the
page containing the I/O buffer will be chosen to be removed from memory.
If an
I/O device is currently in the process of doing a DMA transfer to that page, remov-
ing it will cause part of the data to be written in the buffer where they belong, and
part of the data to be written over the just-loaded page. One solution to this prob-
lem is to lock pages engaged in I/O in memory so that they will not be removed.
Locking a page is often called
pinning
it in memory. Another solution is to do all
I/O to kernel buffers and then copy the data to user pages later.
3.6.5 Backing Store
In our discussion of page replacement algorithms, we saw how a page is selec-
ted for removal. We have not said much about where on the disk it is put when it is
paged out. Let us now describe some of the issues related to disk management.
The simplest algorithm for allocating page space on the disk is to have a spe-
cial swap partition on the disk or, even better, on a separate disk from the file sys-
tem (to balance the I/O load).
Most UNIX systems work like this. This partition
does not have a normal file system on it, which eliminates all the overhead of con-
verting offsets in files to block addresses. Instead, block numbers relative to the
start of the partition are used throughout.
When the system is booted, this swap partition is empty and is represented in
memory as a single entry giving its origin and size.
In the simplest scheme, when
the first process is started, a chunk of the partition area the size of the first process
is reserved and the remaining area reduced by that amount.
As new processes are
started, they are assigned chunks of the swap partition equal in size to their core
images. As they finish, their disk space is freed.
The swap partition is managed as
a list of free chunks.
Better algorithms will be discussed in Chap. 10.
Associated with each process is the disk address of its swap area, that is, where
on the swap partition its image is kept. This information is kept in the process ta-
ble. Calculating the address to write a page to becomes simple: just add the offset
of the page within the virtual address space to the start of the swap area. However,
before a process can start, the swap area must be initialized.
One way is to copy
the entire process image to the swap area, so that it can be brought
in
as needed.
The other is to load the entire process in memory and let it be paged
out
as needed.
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