|
|
|
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
Showing 908-909 out of 1137
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 908
SEC. 11.2
PROGRAMMING WINDOWS
877
Win32 API function
Description
RegCreateKeyEx
Create a new registry key
RegDeleteKey
Delete a registry key
RegOpenKeyEx
Open a key to get a handle to it
RegEnumKeyEx
Enumerate the subkeys subordinate to the key of the handle
RegQueryValueEx
Look up the data for a value within a key
Figure 11-10.
Some of the Win32 API calls for using the registry
When the system is turned off, most of the registry information is stored on the
disk in the hives. Because their integrity is so critical to correct system func-
tioning, backups are made automatically and metadata writes are flushed to disk to
prevent corruption in the event of a system crash.
Loss of the registry requires
reinstalling
all
software on the system.
11.3 SYSTEM STRUCTURE
In the previous sections we examined Windows as seen by the programmer
writing code for user mode.
Now we are going to look under the hood to see how
the system is organized internally, what the various components do, and how they
interact with each other and with user programs.
This is the part of the system
seen by the programmer implementing low-level user-mode code, like subsystems
and native services, as well as the view of the system provided to device-driver
writers.
Although there are many books on how to use Windows, there are many fewer
on how it works inside.
One of the best places to look for additional information
on this topic is
Microsoft Windows Internals
, 6th ed., Parts 1 and 2 (Russinovich
and Solomon, 2012).
11.3.1 Operating System Structure
As described earlier, the Windows operating system consists of many layers, as
depicted in Fig. 11-4. In the following sections we will dig into the lowest levels
of the operating system: those that run in kernel mode.
The central layer is the
NTOS kernel itself, which is loaded from
ntoskrnl.exe
when Windows boots.
NTOS itself consists of two layers, the
executive
, which containing most of the
services, and a smaller layer which is (also) called the
kernel
and implements the
underlying thread scheduling and synchronization abstractions (a kernel within the
kernel?), as well as implementing trap handlers, interrupts, and other aspects of
how the CPU is managed.
Page 909
878
CASE STUDY 2: WINDOWS 8
CHAP. 11
The division of NTOS into kernel and executive is a reflection of NT’s
VAX/VMS roots.
The VMS operating system, which was also designed by Cutler,
had four hardware-enforced layers: user, supervisor, executive, and kernel corres-
ponding to the four protection modes provided by the VAX processor architecture.
The Intel CPUs also support four rings of protection, but some of the early target
processors for NT did not, so the kernel and executive layers represent a soft-
ware-enforced abstraction, and the functions that VMS provides in supervisor
mode, such as printer spooling, are provided by NT as user-mode services.
The kernel-mode layers of NT are shown in Fig. 11-11. The kernel layer of
NTOS is shown above the executive layer because it implements the trap and inter-
rupt mechanisms used to transition from user mode to kernel mode.
User mode
Kernel mode
System library kernel user-mode dispatch routines (ntdll.dll)
Hardware abstraction layer
Security monitor
Object manager
Config manager
Executive run-time library
Trap/exception/interrupt dispatch
CPU scheduling and synchronization: threads, ISRs, DPCs, APCs
NTOS
kernel
layer
NTOS executive layer
I/O manager
Virtual memory
Cache manager
Procs and threads
LPC
File systems,
volume manager,
TCP/IP stack,
net interfaces
graphics devices,
all other devices
Hardware
CPU, MMU, interrupt controllers, memory, physical devices, BIOS
Drivers
Figure 11-11.
Windows kernel-mode organization.
The uppermost layer in Fig. 11-11 is the system library (
ntdll.dll
), which ac-
tually runs in user mode.
The system library includes a number of support func-
tions for the compiler run-time and low-level libraries, similar to what is in
libc
in
UNIX.
ntdll.dll
also contains special code entry points used by the kernel to ini-
tialize threads and dispatch exceptions and user-mode
APCs
(
Asynchronous Pro-
cedure Calls
). Because the system library is so integral to the operation of the ker-
nel, every user-mode process created by NTOS has
ntdll
mapped at the same fixed
address. When NTOS is initializing the system it creates a section object to use
when mapping
ntdll
, and it also records addresses of the
ntdll
entry points used by
the kernel.
Below the NTOS kernel and executive layers is a layer of software called the
HAL
(
Hardware Abstraction Layer
) which abstracts low-level hardware details
like access to device registers and DMA operations, and the way the parentboard
Ace your assessments! Get Better Grades
Browse thousands of Study Materials & Solutions from your Favorite Schools
Concordia University
Concordia_University
School:
Operating_Systems
Course:
Great resource for chem class. Had all the past labs and assignments
Leland P.
Santa Clara University
Introducing Study Plan
Using AI Tools to Help you understand and remember your course concepts better and faster than any other resource.
Find the best videos to learn every concept in that course from Youtube and Tiktok without searching.
Save All Relavent Videos & Materials and access anytime and anywhere
Prepare Smart and Guarantee better grades
Know more
Students also viewed documents
lab 18.docx
lab_18.docx
Course
Course
3
Module5QuizSTA2023.d...
Module5QuizSTA2023.docx.docx
Course
Course
10
Week 7 Test Math302....
Week_7_Test_Math302.docx.docx
Course
Course
30
Chapter 1 Assigment ...
Chapter_1_Assigment_Questions.docx.docx
Course
Course
5
Week 4 tests.docx.do...
Week_4_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
23
Week 6 tests.docx.do...
Week_6_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
106
