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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 99
68
INTRODUCTION
CHAP. 1
highest-priority process that is runnable. The mechanism—in the kernel—is to
look for the highest-priority process and run it.
The policy—assigning priorities to
processes—can be done by user-mode processes.
In this way, policy and mechan-
ism can be decoupled and the kernel can be made smaller.
1.7.4 Client-Server Model
A slight variation of the microkernel idea is to distinguish two classes of proc-
esses, the
servers
, each of which provides some service, and the
clients
, which use
these services. This model is known as the
client-server
model. Often the lowest
layer is a microkernel, but that is not required.
The essence is the presence of cli-
ent processes and server processes.
Communication between clients and servers is often by message passing.
To
obtain a service, a client process constructs a message saying what it wants and
sends it to the appropriate service. The service then does the work and sends back
the answer.
If the client and server happen to run on the same machine, certain
optimizations are possible, but conceptually, we are still talking about message
passing here.
An obvious generalization of this idea is to have the clients and servers run on
different computers, connected by a local or wide-area network, as depicted in
Fig. 1-27.
Since clients communicate with servers by sending messages, the cli-
ents need not know whether the messages are handled locally on their own ma-
chines, or whether they are sent across a network to servers on a remote machine.
As far as the client is concerned, the same thing happens in both cases: requests are
sent and replies come back. Thus the client-server model is an abstraction that can
be used for a single machine or for a network of machines.
Machine 1
Machine 2
Machine 3
Machine 4
Client
Kernel
File server
Kernel
Process server
Kernel
Terminal server
Kernel
Message from
client to server
Network
Figure 1-27.
The client-server model over a network.
Increasingly many systems involve users at their home PCs as clients and large
machines elsewhere running as servers. In fact, much of the Web operates this
way. APC sends a request for a Web page to the server and the Web page comes
back. This is a typical use of the client-server model in a network.
Page 100
SEC. 1.7
OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE
69
1.7.5 Virtual Machines
The initial releases of OS/360 were strictly batch systems. Nevertheless, many
360 users wanted to be able to work interactively at a terminal, so various groups,
both inside and outside IBM, decided to write timesharing systems for it. The of-
ficial IBM timesharing system, TSS/360, was delivered late, and when it finally ar-
rived it was so big and slow that few sites converted to it.
It was eventually aban-
doned after its development had consumed some $50 million (Graham, 1970).
But
a group at IBM’s Scientific Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, produced a radi-
cally different system that IBM eventually accepted as a product.
A linear descen-
dant of it, called
z/VM
, is now widely used on IBM’s current mainframes, the
zSeries, which are heavily used in large corporate data centers, for example, as
e-commerce servers that handle hundreds or thousands of transactions per second
and use databases whose sizes run to millions of gigabytes.
VM/370
This system, originally called
CP/CMS
and later renamed VM/370 (Seawright
and MacKinnon, 1979), was based on an astute observation: a timesharing system
provides (1) multiprogramming and (2) an extended machine with a more con-
venient interface than the bare hardware. The essence of VM/370 is to completely
separate these two functions.
The heart of the system, known as the
virtual machine monitor
, runs on the
bare hardware and does the multiprogramming, providing not one, but several vir-
tual machines to the next layer up, as shown in Fig. 1-28. However, unlike all
other operating systems, these virtual machines are not extended machines, with
files and other nice features. Instead, they are
exact
copies of the bare hardware, in-
cluding kernel/user mode, I/O, interrupts, and everything else the real machine has.
I/O instructions here
Trap here
Trap here
System calls here
Virtual 370s
CMS
CMS
CMS
VM/370
370 Bare hardware
Figure 1-28.
The structure of VM/370 with CMS.
Because each virtual machine is identical to the true hardware, each one can
run any operating system that will run directly on the bare hardware. Different vir-
tual machines can, and frequently do, run different operating systems.
On the orig-
inal IBM VM/370 system, some ran OS/360 or one of the other large batch or
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