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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 537
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VIRTUALIZATION AND THE CLOUD
CHAP. 7
how to correctly virtualize ring 1 and ring 2, the VMware VMM simply had code
to detect if a guest was trying to enter into ring 1 or ring 2, and, in that case, would
abort execution of the virtual machine.
This not only removed unnecessary code,
but more importantly it allowed the VMware VMM to assume that ring 1 and ring
2 would never be used by the virtual machine, and therefore that it could use these
rings for its own purposes. In fact, the VMware VMM’s binary translator runs at
ring 1 to virtualize ring 0 code.
The Virtual Hardware Platform
So far, we have primarily discussed the problem associated with the virtu-
alization of the x86 processor. But an x86-based computer is much more than its
processor. It also has a chipset, some firmware, and a set of I/O peripherals to con-
trol disks, network cards, CD-ROM, keyboard, etc.
The diversity of I/O peripherals in x86 personal computers made it impossible
to match the virtual hardware to the real, underlying hardware. Whereas there were
only a handful of x86 processor models in the market, with only minor variations
in instruction-set level capabilities, there were thousands of I/O devices, most of
which had no publicly available documentation of their interface or functionality.
VMware’s key insight was to
not
attempt to have the virtual hardware match the
specific underlying hardware, but instead have it always match some configuration
composed of selected, canonical I/O devices. Guest operating systems then used
their own existing, built-in mechanisms to detect and operate these (virtual) de-
vices.
The virtualization platform consisted of a combination of multiplexed and
emulated components. Multiplexing meant configuring the hardware so it can be
directly used by the virtual machine, and shared (in space or time) across multiple
virtual machines. Emulation meant exporting a software simulation of the selected,
canonical hardware component to the virtual machine.
Figure 7-9 shows that
VMware Workstation used multiplexing for processor and memory and emulation
for everything else.
For the multiplexed hardware, each virtual machine had the illusion of having
one dedicated CPU and a configurable, but a fixed amount of contiguous RAM
starting at physical address 0.
Architecturally, the emulation of each virtual device was split between a front-
end component, which was visible to the virtual machine, and a back-end compo-
nent, which interacted with the host operating system (Waldspurger and Rosen-
blum, 2012). The front-end was essentially a software model of the hardware de-
vice that could be controlled by unmodified device drivers running inside the virtu-
al machine. Regardless of the specific corresponding physical hardware on the
host, the front end always exposed the same device model.
For example, the first Ethernet device front end was the AMD PCnet ‘‘Lance’’
chip, once a popular 10-Mbps plug-in board on PCs, and the back end provided
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