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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 48
SEC. 1.2
HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
17
complete rewrite from scratch internally.
It was a full 32-bit system.
The lead de-
signer for Windows NT was David Cutler, who was also one of the designers of the
VAX VMS operating system, so some ideas from VMS are present in NT.
In fact,
so many ideas from VMS were present in it that the owner of VMS, DEC, sued
Microsoft. The case was settled out of court for an amount of money requiring
many digits to express. Microsoft expected that the first version of NT would kill
off MS-DOS and all other versions of Windows since it was a vastly superior sys-
tem, but it fizzled. Only with Windows NT 4.0 did it finally catch on in a big way,
especially on corporate networks. Version 5 of Windows NT was renamed Win-
dows 2000 in early 1999.
It was intended to be the successor to both Windows 98
and Windows NT 4.0.
That did not quite work out either, so Microsoft came out with yet another ver-
sion of Windows 98 called
Windows Me
(
Millennium Edition
). In 2001, a
slightly upgraded version of Windows 2000, called Windows XP was released.
That version had a much longer run (6 years), basically replacing all previous ver-
sions of Windows.
Still the spawning of versions continued unabated. After Windows 2000,
Microsoft broke up the Windows family into a client and a server line. The client
line was based on XP and its successors, while the server line included Windows
Server 2003 and Windows 2008. A third line, for the embedded world, appeared a
little later. All of these versions of Windows forked off their variations in the form
of
service packs
.
It was enough to drive some administrators (and writers of oper-
ating systems textbooks) balmy.
Then in January 2007, Microsoft finally released the successor to Windows
XP, called Vista. It came with a new graphical interface, improved security, and
many new or upgraded user programs.
Microsoft hoped it would replace Windows
XP completely, but it never did. Instead, it received much criticism and a bad press,
mostly due to the high system requirements, restrictive licensing terms, and sup-
port for
Digital Rights Management
, techniques that made it harder for users to
copy protected material.
With the arrival of Windows 7, a new and much less resource hungry version
of the operating system, many people decided to skip Vista altogether.
Windows 7
did not introduce too many new features, but it was relatively small and quite sta-
ble. In less than three weeks, Windows 7 had obtained more market share than
Vista in seven months. In 2012, Microsoft launched its successor, Windows 8, an
operating system with a completely new look and feel, geared for touch screens.
The company hopes that the new design will become the dominant operating sys-
tem on a much wider variety of devices: desktops, laptops, notebooks, tablets,
phones, and home theater PCs.
So far, however, the market penetration is slow
compared to Windows 7.
The other major contender in the personal computer world is UNIX (and its
various derivatives). UNIX is strongest on network and enterprise servers but is
also often present on desktop computers, notebooks, tablets, and smartphones.
On
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