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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 508
SEC. 7.2
REQUIREMENTS FOR VIRTUALIZATION
477
machine-like software interface that explicitly exposes the fact that it is a virtu-
alized environment. For instance, it offers a set of
hypercalls
, which allow the
guest to send explicit requests to the hypervisor (much as a system call offers ker-
nel services to applications). Guests use hypercalls for privileged sensitive opera-
tions like updating the page tables, but because they do it explicitly in cooperation
with the hypervisor, the overall system can be simpler and faster.
It should not come as a surprise that paravirtualization is nothing new either.
IBM’s VM operating system has offered such a facility, albeit under a different
name, since 1972. The idea was revived by the Denali (Whitaker et al., 2002) and
Xen (Barham et al., 2003) virtual machine monitors. Compared to full virtu-
alization, the drawback of paravirtualization is that the guest has to be aware of the
virtual machine API. Typically, this means it should be customized explicitly for
the hypervisor.
Before we delve more deeply into type 1 and type 2 hypervisors, it is important
to mention that not all virtualization technology tries to trick the guest into believ-
ing that it has the entire system. Sometimes, the aim is simply to allow a process to
run that was originally written for a different operating system and/or architecture.
We therefore distinguish between full system virtualization and
process-level vir-
tualization
.
While we focus on the former in the remainder of this chapter, proc-
ess-level virtualization technology is used in practice also. Well-known examples
include the WINE compatibility layer that allows Windows application to run on
POSIX-compliant systems like Linux, BSD, and OS X, and the process-level ver-
sion of the QEMU emulator that allows applications for one architecture to run on
another.
7.3 TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 HYPERVISORS
Goldberg (1972) distinguished between two approaches to virtualization.
One
kind of hypervisor, dubbed a
type 1 hypervisor
is illustrated in Fig. 7-1(a). Tech-
nically, it is like an operating system, since it is the only program running in the
most privileged mode.
Its job is to support multiple copies of the actual hardware,
called
virtual machines
, similar to the processes a normal operating system runs.
In contrast, a
type 2 hypervisor
, shown in Fig. 7-1(b), is a different kind of
animal. It is a program that relies on, say, Windows or Linux to allocate and
schedule resources, very much like a regular process. Of course, the type 2 hyper-
visor still pretends to be a full computer with a CPU and various devices. Both
types of hypervisor must execute the machine’s instruction set in a safe manner.
For instance, an operating system running on top of the hypervisor may change and
even mess up its own page tables, but not those of others.
The operating system running on top of the hypervisor in both cases is called
the
guest operating system
.
For a type 2 hypervisor, the operating system running
on the hardware is called the
host operating system
.
The first type 2 hypervisor
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