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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 692
SEC. 9.9
MALWARE
661
GREETINGS FROM GENERAL ENCRYPTION!
TO PURCHASE A DECRYPTION KEY FOR YOUR HARD DISK, PLEASE SEND $100 IN
SMALL, UNMARKED BILLS TO BOX 2154, PANAMA CITY, PANAMA. THANK YOU. WE
APPRECIATE YOUR BUSINESS.
Another common application of malware has it install a
keylogger
on the infected
machine. This program simply records all keystrokes typed in and periodically
sends them to some machine or sequence of machines (including zombies) for ulti-
mate delivery to the criminal. Getting the Internet provider servicing the delivery
machine to cooperate in an investigation is often difficult since many of these are
in cahoots with (or sometimes owned by) the criminal, especially in countries
where corruption is common.
The gold to be mined in these keystrokes consists of credit card numbers,
which can be used to buy goods from legitimate businesses. Since the victims have
no idea their credit card numbers have been stolen until they get their statements at
the end of the billing cycle, the criminals can go on a spending spree for days, pos-
sibly even weeks.
To guard against these attacks, the credit card companies all use artificial intel-
ligence software to detect peculiar spending patterns. For example, if a person who
normally only uses his credit card in local stores suddenly orders a dozen expen-
sive notebook computers to be delivered to an address in, say, Tajikistan, a bell
starts ringing at the credit card company and an employee typically calls the card-
holder to politely inquire about the transaction.
Of course, the criminals know
about this software, so they try to fine-tune their spending habits to stay (just)
under the radar.
The data collected by the keylogger can be combined with other data collected
by software installed on the zombie to allow the criminal to engage in a more
extensive
identity theft
.
In this crime, the criminal collects enough data about a
person, such as date of birth, mother’s maiden name, social security number, bank
account numbers, passwords, and so on, to be able to successfully impersonate the
victim and get new physical documents, such as a replacement driver’s license,
bank debit card, birth certificate, and more. These, in turn, can be sold to other
criminals for further exploitation.
Another form of crime that some malware commits is to lie low until the user
correctly logs into his Internet banking account. Then it quickly runs a transaction
to see how much money is in the account and immediately transfers all of it to the
criminal’s account, from which it is immediately transferred to another account
and then another and another (all in different corrupt countries) so that the police
need days or weeks to collect all the search warrants they need to follow the money
and which may not be honored even if they do get them. These kinds of crimes are
big business; it is not pesky teenagers any more.
In addition to its use by organized crime, malware also has industrial applica-
tions. A company could release a piece of malware that checked if it was running
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