|
|
|
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
Showing 800-801 out of 1137
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 800
SEC. 10.5
INPUT/OUTPUT IN LINUX
769
handles tab expansion, enabling and disabling of character echoing, conversion be-
tween carriage return and line feed, and similar items. The system call is not per-
mitted on regular files or block special files.
10.5.2 Networking
Another example of I/O is networking, as pioneered by Berkeley UNIX and
taken over by Linux more or less verbatim. The key concept in the Berkeley design
is the
socket
.
Sockets are analogous to mailboxes and telephone wall sockets in
that they allow users to interface to the network, just as mailboxes allow people to
interface to the postal system and telephone wall sockets allow them to plug in
telephones and connect to the telephone system. The sockets’ position is shown in
Fig. 10-19.
User space
Kernel space
Receiving process
Sending process
Socket
Connection
Network
Figure 10-19.
The uses of sockets for networking.
Sockets can be created and destroyed dynamically. Creating a socket returns a file
descriptor, which is needed for establishing a connection, reading data, writing
data, and releasing the connection.
Each socket supports a particular type of networking, specified when the
socket is created. The most common types are
1. Reliable connection-oriented byte stream.
2. Reliable connection-oriented packet stream.
3. Unreliable packet transmission.
The first socket type allows two processes on different machines to establish the e-
quivalent of a pipe between them. Bytes are pumped in at one end and they come
out in the same order at the other. The system guarantees that all bytes that are sent
correctly arrive and in the same order they were sent.
Page 801
770
CASE STUDY 1: UNIX, LINUX, AND ANDROID
CHAP. 10
The second type is rather similar to the first one, except that it preserves packet
boundaries. If the sender makes five separate calls to
write
, each for 512 bytes, and
the receiver asks for 2560 bytes, with a type 1 socket all 2560 bytes will be re-
turned at once. With a type 2 socket, only 512 bytes will be returned.
Four more
calls are needed to get the rest. The third type of socket is used to give the user ac-
cess to the raw network. This type is especially useful for real-time applications,
and for those situations in which the user wants to implement a specialized error-
handling scheme. Packets may be lost or reordered by the network. There are no
guarantees, as in the first two cases. The advantage of this mode is higher per-
formance, which sometimes outweighs reliability (e.g., for multimedia delivery, in
which being fast counts for more than being right).
When a socket is created, one of the parameters specifies the protocol to be
used for it. For reliable byte streams, the most popular protocol is
TCP
(
Transmis-
sion Control Protocol
). For unreliable packet-oriented transmission,
UDP
(
User
Datagram Protocol
) is the usual choice. Both of these are layered on top of
IP
(
Internet Protocol
). All of these protocols originated with the U.S. Dept. of
Defense’s ARPANET, and now form the basis of the Internet. There is no common
protocol for reliable packet streams.
Before a socket can be used for networking, it must have an address bound to
it. This address can be in one of several naming domains.
The most common one
is the Internet naming domain, which uses 32-bit integers for naming endpoints in
Version 4 and 128-bit integers in Version 6 (Version 5 was an experimental system
that never made it to the major leagues).
Once sockets have been created on both the source and destination computers,
a connection can be established between them (for connection-oriented communi-
cation). One party makes a
listen
system call on a local socket, which creates a
buffer and blocks until data arrive. The other makes a
connect
system call, giving
as parameters the file descriptor for a local socket and the address of a remote
socket. If the remote party accepts the call, the system then establishes a con-
nection between the sockets.
Once a connection has been established, it functions analogously to a pipe.
A
process can read and write from it using the file descriptor for its local socket.
When the connection is no longer needed, it can be closed in the usual way, via the
close
system call.
10.5.3 Input/Output System Calls in Linux
Each I/O device in a Linux system generally has a special file associated with
it. Most I/O can be done by just using the proper file, eliminating the need for spe-
cial system calls. Nevertheless, sometimes there is a need for something that is de-
vice specific. Prior to POSIX most UNIX systems had a system call
ioctl
that per-
formed a large number of device-specific actions on special files. Over the course
of the years, it had gotten to be quite a mess.
POSIX cleaned it up by splitting its
Ace your assessments! Get Better Grades
Browse thousands of Study Materials & Solutions from your Favorite Schools
Concordia University
Concordia_University
School:
Operating_Systems
Course:
Great resource for chem class. Had all the past labs and assignments
Leland P.
Santa Clara University
Introducing Study Plan
Using AI Tools to Help you understand and remember your course concepts better and faster than any other resource.
Find the best videos to learn every concept in that course from Youtube and Tiktok without searching.
Save All Relavent Videos & Materials and access anytime and anywhere
Prepare Smart and Guarantee better grades
Know more
Students also viewed documents
lab 18.docx
lab_18.docx
Course
Course
3
Module5QuizSTA2023.d...
Module5QuizSTA2023.docx.docx
Course
Course
10
Week 7 Test Math302....
Week_7_Test_Math302.docx.docx
Course
Course
30
Chapter 1 Assigment ...
Chapter_1_Assigment_Questions.docx.docx
Course
Course
5
Week 4 tests.docx.do...
Week_4_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
23
Week 6 tests.docx.do...
Week_6_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
106
