|
|
|
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
Showing 182-183 out of 1137
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 182
SEC. 2.4
SCHEDULING
151
In addition to picking the right process to run, the scheduler also has to worry
about making efficient use of the CPU because process switching is expensive.
To
start with, a switch from user mode to kernel mode must occur.
Then the state of
the current process must be saved, including storing its registers in the process ta-
ble so they can be reloaded later.
In some systems, the memory map (e.g., memory
reference bits in the page table) must be saved as well. Next a new process must be
selected by running the scheduling algorithm.
After that, the memory management
unit (MMU) must be reloaded with the memory map of the new process. Finally,
the new process must be started.
In addition to all that, the process switch may
invalidate the memory cache and related tables, forcing it to be dynamically
reloaded from the main memory twice (upon entering the kernel and upon leaving
it). All in all, doing too many process switches per second can chew up a substan-
tial amount of CPU time, so caution is advised.
Process Behavior
Nearly all processes alternate bursts of computing with (disk or network) I/O
requests, as shown in Fig. 2-39. Often, the CPU runs for a while without stopping,
then a system call is made to read from a file or write to a file. When the system
call completes, the CPU computes again until it needs more data or has to write
more data, and so on. Note that some I/O activities count as computing.
For ex-
ample, when the CPU copies bits to a video RAM to update the screen, it is com-
puting, not doing I/O, because the CPU is in use.
I/O in this sense is when a proc-
ess enters the blocked state waiting for an external device to complete its work.
Long CPU burst
Short CPU burst
Waiting for I/O
(a)
(b)
Time
Figure 2-39.
Bursts of CPU usage alternate with periods of waiting for I/O.
(a) A CPU-bound process. (b) An I/O-bound process.
The important thing to notice about Fig. 2-39 is that some processes, such as
the one in Fig. 2-39(a), spend most of their time computing, while other processes,
such as the one shown in Fig. 2-39(b), spend most of their time waiting for I/O.
Page 183
152
PROCESSES AND THREADS
CHAP. 2
The former are called
compute-bound
or
CPU-bound
; the latter are called
I/O-
bound
.
Compute-bound processes typically have long CPU bursts and thus infre-
quent I/O waits, whereas I/O-bound processes have short CPU bursts and thus fre-
quent I/O waits. Note that the key factor is the length of the CPU burst, not the
length of the I/O burst. I/O-bound processes are I/O bound because they do not
compute much between I/O requests, not because they have especially long I/O re-
quests. It takes the same time to issue the hardware request to read a disk block no
matter how much or how little time it takes to process the data after they arrive.
It is worth noting that as CPUs get faster, processes tend to get more I/O-
bound. This effect occurs because CPUs are improving much faster than disks.
As
a consequence, the scheduling of I/O-bound processes is likely to become a more
important subject in the future. The basic idea here is that if an I/O-bound process
wants to run, it should get a chance quickly so that it can issue its disk request and
keep the disk busy.
As we saw in Fig. 2-6, when processes are I/O bound, it takes
quite a few of them to keep the CPU fully occupied.
When to Schedule
A key issue related to scheduling is when to make scheduling decisions.
It
turns out that there are a variety of situations in which scheduling is needed.
First,
when a new process is created, a decision needs to be made whether to run the par-
ent process or the child process. Since both processes are in ready state, it is a nor-
mal scheduling decision and can go either way, that is, the scheduler can legiti-
mately choose to run either the parent or the child next.
Second, a scheduling decision must be made when a process exits. That proc-
ess can no longer run (since it no longer exists), so some other process must be
chosen from the set of ready processes.
If no process is ready, a system-supplied
idle process is normally run.
Third, when a process blocks on I/O, on a semaphore, or for some other rea-
son, another process has to be selected to run. Sometimes the reason for blocking
may play a role in the choice.
For example, if
A
is an important process and it is
waiting for
B
to exit its critical region, letting
B
run next will allow it to exit its
critical region and thus let
A
continue. The trouble, however, is that the scheduler
generally does not have the necessary information to take this dependency into ac-
count.
Fourth, when an I/O interrupt occurs, a scheduling decision may be made.
If
the interrupt came from an I/O device that has now completed its work, some proc-
ess that was blocked waiting for the I/O may now be ready to run.
It is up to the
scheduler to decide whether to run the newly ready process, the process that was
running at the time of the interrupt, or some third process.
If a hardware clock provides periodic interrupts at 50 or 60 Hz or some other
frequency, a scheduling decision can be made at each clock interrupt or at every
k
th clock interrupt. Scheduling algorithms can be divided into two categories with
Ace your assessments! Get Better Grades
Browse thousands of Study Materials & Solutions from your Favorite Schools
Concordia University
Concordia_University
School:
Operating_Systems
Course:
Great resource for chem class. Had all the past labs and assignments
Leland P.
Santa Clara University
Introducing Study Plan
Using AI Tools to Help you understand and remember your course concepts better and faster than any other resource.
Find the best videos to learn every concept in that course from Youtube and Tiktok without searching.
Save All Relavent Videos & Materials and access anytime and anywhere
Prepare Smart and Guarantee better grades
Know more
Students also viewed documents
lab 18.docx
lab_18.docx
Course
Course
3
Module5QuizSTA2023.d...
Module5QuizSTA2023.docx.docx
Course
Course
10
Week 7 Test Math302....
Week_7_Test_Math302.docx.docx
Course
Course
30
Chapter 1 Assigment ...
Chapter_1_Assigment_Questions.docx.docx
Course
Course
5
Week 4 tests.docx.do...
Week_4_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
23
Week 6 tests.docx.do...
Week_6_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
106
