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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 523
492
VIRTUALIZATION AND THE CLOUD
CHAP. 7
the CPU that currently runs the virtual machine and with the vector number that
the VM expects (e.g., 66).
Finally, having an I/O MMU also helps 32-bit devices access memory above 4
GB. Normally, such devices are unable to access (e.g., DMA to) addresses beyond
4 GB, but the I/O MMU can easily remap the device’s lower addresses to any ad-
dress in the physical larger address space.
Device Domains
A different approach to handling I/O is to dedicate one of the virtual machines
to run a standard operating system and reflect all I/O calls from the other ones to it.
This approach is enhanced when paravirtualization is used, so the command being
issued to the hypervisor actually says what the guest OS wants (e.g., read block
1403 from disk 1) rather than being a series of commands writing to device regis-
ters, in which case the hypervisor has to play Sherlock Holmes and figure out what
it is trying to do.
Xen uses this approach to I/O, with the virtual machine that does
I/O called
domain 0
.
I/O virtualization is an area in which type 2 hypervisors have a practical advan-
tage over type 1 hypervisors: the host operating system contains the device drivers
for all the weird and wonderful I/O devices attached to the computer.
When an ap-
plication program attempts to access a strange I/O device, the translated code can
call the existing device driver to get the work done.
With a type 1 hypervisor, the
hypervisor must either contain the driver itself, or make a call to a driver in domain
0, which is somewhat similar to a host operating system.
As virtual machine tech-
nology matures, future hardware is likely to allow application programs to access
the hardware directly in a secure way, meaning that device drivers can be linked di-
rectly with application code or put in separate user-mode servers (as in MINIX3),
thereby eliminating the problem.
Single Root I/O Virtualization
Directly assigning a device to a virtual machine is not very scalable. With four
physical networks you can support no more than four virtual machines that way.
For eight virtual machines you need eight network cards, and to run 128 virtual
machines—well, let’s just say that it may be hard to find your computer buried
under all those network cables.
Sharing devices among multiple hypervisors in software is possible, but often
not optimal because an emulation layer (or device domain) interposes itself be-
tween hardware and the drivers and the guest operating systems. The emulated de-
vice frequently does not implement all the advanced functions supported by the
hardware. Ideally, the virtualization technology would offer the equivalence of de-
vice pass through of a single device to multiple hypervisors, without any overhead.
Virtualizing a single device to trick every virtual machine into believing that it has
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