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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 97
66
INTRODUCTION
CHAP. 1
course, since some bugs may be things like issuing an incorrect error message in a
situation that rarely occurs. Nevertheless, operating systems are sufficiently buggy
that computer manufacturers put reset buttons on them (often on the front panel),
something the manufacturers of TV sets, stereos, and cars do not do, despite the
large amount of software in these devices.
The basic idea behind the microkernel design is to achieve high reliability by
splitting the operating system up into small, well-defined modules, only one of
which—the microkernel—runs in kernel mode and the rest run as relatively power-
less ordinary user processes.
In particular, by running each device driver and file
system as a separate user process, a bug in one of these can crash that component,
but cannot crash the entire system. Thus a bug in the audio driver will cause the
sound to be garbled or stop, but will not crash the computer.
In contrast, in a
monolithic system with all the drivers in the kernel, a buggy audio driver can easily
reference an invalid memory address and bring the system to a grinding halt in-
stantly.
Many microkernels have been implemented and deployed for decades (Haertig
et al., 1997; Heiser et al., 2006; Herder et al., 2006; Hildebrand, 1992; Kirsch et
al., 2005; Liedtke, 1993, 1995, 1996; Pike et al., 1992; and Zuberi et al., 1999).
With the exception of OS X, which is based on the Mach microkernel (Accetta et
al., 1986), common desktop operating systems do not use microkernels. However,
they are dominant in real-time, industrial, avionics, and military applications that
are mission critical and have very high reliability requirements.
A few of the bet-
ter-known microkernels include Integrity, K42, L4, PikeOS, QNX, Symbian, and
MINIX 3.
We now give a brief overview of MINIX 3, which has taken the idea of
modularity to the limit, breaking most of the operating system up into a number of
independent user-mode processes.
MINIX 3 is a POSIX-conformant, open source
system freely available at
www.minix3.org
(Giuffrida et al., 2012; Giuffrida et al.,
2013; Herder et al., 2006; Herder et al., 2009; and Hruby et al., 2013).
The MINIX 3 microkernel is only about 12,000 lines of C and some 1400 lines
of assembler for very low-level functions such as catching interrupts and switching
processes. The C code manages and schedules processes, handles interprocess
communication (by passing messages between processes), and offers a set of about
40 kernel calls to allow the rest of the operating system to do its work. These calls
perform functions like hooking handlers to interrupts, moving data between ad-
dress spaces, and installing memory maps for new processes. The process structure
of MINIX 3 is shown in Fig. 1-26, with the kernel call handlers labeled
Sys
. The
device driver for the clock is also in the kernel because the scheduler interacts
closely with it.
The other device drivers run as separate user processes.
Outside the kernel, the system is structured as three layers of processes all run-
ning in user mode. The lowest layer contains the device drivers. Since they run in
user mode, they do not have physical access to the I/O port space and cannot issue
I/O commands directly. Instead, to program an I/O device, the driver builds a struc-
ture telling which values to write to which I/O ports and makes a kernel call telling
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