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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 928
SEC. 11.3
SYSTEM STRUCTURE
897
Handles
User-mode references to kernel-mode objects cannot use pointers because they
are too difficult to validate. Instead, kernel-mode objects must be named in some
other way so the user code can refer to them.
Windows uses
handles
to refer to
kernel-mode objects.
Handles are opaque values which are converted by the object
manager into references to the specific kernel-mode data structure representing an
object. Figure 11-16 shows the handle-table data structure used to translate hand-
les into object pointers.
The handle table is expandable by adding extra layers of
indirection. Each process has its own table, including the system process which
contains all the kernel threads not associated with a user-mode process.
Table pointer
A: Handle-table entries [512]
Handle-table
descriptor
Object
Object
Object
Figure 11-16.
Handle table data structures for a minimal table using a single
page for up to 512 handles.
Figure 11-17 shows a handle table with two extra levels of indirection, the
maximum supported.
It is sometimes convenient for code executing in kernel
mode to be able to use handles rather than referenced pointers.
These are called
kernel handles
and are specially encoded so that they can be distinguished from
user-mode handles.
Kernel handles are kept in the system processes’ handle table
and cannot be accessed from user mode.
Just as most of the kernel virtual address
space is shared across all processes, the system handle table is shared by all kernel
components, no matter what the current user-mode process is.
Users can create new objects or open existing objects by making Win32 calls
such as
CreateSemaphore
or
OpenSemaphore
.
These are calls to library proce-
dures that ultimately result in the appropriate system calls being made.
The result
of any successful call that creates or opens an object is a 64-bit handle-table entry
that is stored in the process’ private handle table in kernel memory.
The 32-bit
index of the handle’s logical position in the table is returned to the user to use on
subsequent calls.
The 64-bit handle-table entry in the kernel contains two 32-bit
words. One word contains a 29-bit pointer to the object’s header.
The low-order 3
bits are used as flags (e.g., whether the handle is inherited by processes it creates).
These 3 bits are masked off before the pointer is followed. The other word con-
tains a 32-bit rights mask.
It is needed because permissions checking is done only
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