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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 795
764
CASE STUDY 1: UNIX, LINUX, AND ANDROID
CHAP. 10
The
vm
area
struct
also records whether the area has backing storage on disk
assigned, and if so, where. Text segments use the executable binary as backing
storage and memory-mapped files use the disk file as backing storage. Other areas,
such as the stack, do not have backing storage assigned until they have to be paged
out.
A top-level memory descriptor,
mm
struct
, gathers information about all virtu-
al-memory areas belonging to an address space, information about the different
segments (text, data, stack), about users sharing this address space, and so on. All
vm
area
struct
elements of an address space can be accessed through their memo-
ry descriptor in two ways. First, they are organized in linked lists ordered by virtu-
al-memory addresses. This way is useful when all virtual-memory areas need to be
accessed, or when the kernel is searching to allocated a virtual-memory region of a
specific size. In addition, the
vm
area
struct
entries are organized in a binary
‘‘red-black’’ tree, a data structure optimized for fast lookups. This method is used
when a specific virtual memory needs to be accessed.
By enabling access to ele-
ments of the process address space via these two methods, Linux uses more state
per process, but allows different kernel operations to use the access method which
is more efficient for the task at hand.
10.4.4 Paging in Linux
Early UNIX systems relied on a
swapper process
to move entire processes be-
tween memory and disk whenever not all active processes could fit in the physical
memory. Linux, like other modern UNIX versions, no longer moves entire proc-
esses. The main memory management unit is a page, and almost all memory-man-
agement components operate on a page granularity. The swapping subsystem also
operates on page granularity and is tightly coupled with the
page frame reclaim-
ing algorithm
, described later in this section.
The basic idea behind paging in Linux is simple: a process need not be entirely
in memory in order to run. All that is actually required is the user structure and the
page tables.
If these are swapped in, the process is deemed ‘‘in memory’’ and can
be scheduled to run. The pages of the text, data, and stack segments are brought in
dynamically, one at a time, as they are referenced.
If the user structure and page
table are not in memory, the process cannot be run until the swapper brings them
in.
Paging is implemented partly by the kernel and partly by a new process called
the
page daemon
.
The page daemon is process 2 (process 0 is the idle proc-
ess—traditionally called the swapper—and process 1 is
init
,
as
shown in
Fig. 10-11).
Like all daemons, the page daemon runs periodically.
Once awake, it
looks around to see if there is any work to do.
If it sees that the number of pages
on the list of free memory pages is too low, it starts freeing up more pages.
Linux is a fully demand-paged system with no prepaging and no working-set
concept (although there is a call in which a user can give a hint that a certain page
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