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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
Showing 11-13 out of 1137
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 11
x
CONTENTS
2.3.7 Monitors
137
2.3.8 Message Passing 144
2.3.9 Barriers
146
2.3.10 Avoiding Locks: Read-Copy-Update
148
2.4
SCHEDULING
148
2.4.1 Introduction to Scheduling
149
2.4.2 Scheduling in Batch Systems
156
2.4.3 Scheduling in Interactive Systems
158
2.4.4 Scheduling in Real-Time Systems
164
2.4.5 Policy Versus Mechanism
165
2.4.6 Thread Scheduling
165
2.5
CLASSICAL IPC PROBLEMS 167
2.5.1 The Dining Philosophers Problem
167
2.5.2 The Readers and Writers Problem
169
2.6
RESEARCH ON PROCESSES AND THREADS
172
2.7
SUMMARY
173
3
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
181
3.1
NO MEMORY ABSTRACTION 182
3.2
A MEMORY ABSTRACTION: ADDRESS SPACES 185
3.2.1 The Notion of an Address Space
185
3.2.2 Swapping 187
3.2.3 Managing Free Memory
190
3.3
VIRTUAL MEMORY
194
3.3.1 Paging 195
3.3.2 Page Tables 198
3.3.3 Speeding Up Paging
201
3.3.4 Page Tables for Large Memories
205
Page 12
CONTENTS
xi
3.4
PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS
209
3.4.1 The Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm
209
3.4.2 The Not Recently Used Page Replacement Algorithm
210
3.4.3 The First-In, First-Out (FIFO) Page Replacement Algorithm
211
3.4.4 The Second-Chance Page Replacement Algorithm
211
3.4.5 The Clock Page Replacement Algorithm
212
3.4.6 The Least Recently Used (LRU) Page Replacement Algorithm
213
3.4.7 Simulating LRU in Software 214
3.4.8 The Working Set Page Replacement Algorithm
215
3.4.9 The WSClock Page Replacement Algorithm
219
3.4.10 Summary of Page Replacement Algorithms
221
3.5
DESIGN ISSUES FOR PAGING SYSTEMS
222
3.5.1 Local versus Global Allocation Policies
222
3.5.2 Load Control
225
3.5.3 Page Size
225
3.5.4 Separate Instruction and Data Spaces
227
3.5.5 Shared Pages 228
3.5.6 Shared Libraries
229
3.5.7 Mapped Files
231
3.5.8 Cleaning Policy
232
3.5.9 Virtual Memory Interface
232
3.6
IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
233
3.6.1 Operating System Involvement with Paging
233
3.6.2 Page Fault Handling
234
3.6.3 Instruction Backup
235
3.6.4 Locking Pages in Memory
236
3.6.5 Backing Store
237
3.6.6 Separation of Policy and Mechanism
239
3.7
SEGMENTATION 240
3.7.1 Implementation of Pure Segmentation
243
3.7.2 Segmentation with Paging: MULTICS
243
3.7.3 Segmentation with Paging: The Intel x86
247
3.8
RESEARCH ON MEMORY MANAGEMENT 252
3.9
SUMMARY
253
Page 13
xii
CONTENTS
4
FILE SYSTEMS
263
4.1
FILES
265
4.1.1 File Naming
265
4.1.2 File Structure
267
4.1.3 File Types 268
4.1.4 File Access
269
4.1.5 File Attributes 271
4.1.6 File Operations
271
4.1.7 An Example Program Using File-System Calls
273
4.2
DIRECTORIES 276
4.2.1 Single-Level Directory Systems
276
4.2.2 Hierarchical Directory Systems
276
4.2.3 Path Names
277
4.2.4 Directory Operations
280
4.3
FILE-SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 281
4.3.1 File-System Layout
281
4.3.2 Implementing Files
282
4.3.3 Implementing Directories
287
4.3.4 Shared Files
290
4.3.5 Log-Structured File Systems
293
4.3.6 Journaling File Systems
294
4.3.7 Virtual File Systems
296
4.4
FILE-SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND OPTIMIZATION 299
4.4.1 Disk-Space Management
299
4.4.2 File-System Backups
306
4.4.3 File-System Consistency
312
4.4.4 File-System Performance
314
4.4.5 Defragmenting Disks
319
4.5
EXAMPLE FILE SYSTEMS
320
4.5.1 The MS-DOS File System
320
4.5.2 The UNIX V7 File System
323
4.5.3 CD-ROM File Systems
325
4.6
RESEARCH ON FILE SYSTEMS
331
4.7
SUMMARY
332
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