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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 103
72
INTRODUCTION
CHAP. 1
The next step in improving performance was to add a kernel module to do
some of the heavy lifting, as shown in Fig. 1-29(c). In practice now, all commer-
cially available hypervisors, such as VMware Workstation, use this hybrid strategy
(and have many other improvements as well). They are called
type 2 hypervisors
by everyone, so we will (somewhat grudgingly) go along and use this name in the
rest of this book, even though we would prefer to called them type 1.7 hypervisors
to reflect the fact that they are not entirely user-mode programs. In Chap. 7, we
will describe in detail how VMware Workstation works and what the various
pieces do.
In practice, the real distinction between a type 1 hypervisor and a type 2 hyper-
visor is that a type 2 makes uses of a
host operating system
and its file system to
create processes, store files, and so on.
A type 1 hypervisor has no underlying sup-
port and must perform all these functions itself.
After a type 2 hypervisor is started, it reads the installation CD-ROM (or CD-
ROM image file) for the chosen
guest operating system
and installs the guest OS
on a virtual disk, which is just a big file in the host operating system’s file system.
Type 1 hypervisors cannot do this because there is no host operating system to
store files on.
They must manage their own storage on a raw disk partition.
When the guest operating system is booted, it does the same thing it does on
the actual hardware, typically starting up some background processes and then a
GUI. To the user, the guest operating system behaves the same way it does when
running on the bare metal even though that is not the case here.
A different approach to handling control instructions is to modify the operating
system to remove them. This approach is not true virtualization, but
paravirtual-
ization
.
We will discuss virtualization in more detail in Chap. 7.
The Java Virtual Machine
Another area where virtual machines are used, but in a somewhat different
way, is for running Java programs. When Sun Microsystems invented the Java pro-
gramming language, it also invented a virtual machine (i.e., a computer architec-
ture) called the
JVM
(
Java Virtual Machine
). The Java compiler produces code
for JVM, which then typically is executed by a software JVM interpreter. The ad-
vantage of this approach is that the JVM code can be shipped over the Internet to
any computer that has a JVM interpreter and run there.
If the compiler had pro-
duced SPARC or x86 binary programs, for example, they could not have been
shipped and run anywhere as easily.
(Of course, Sun could have produced a com-
piler that produced SPARC binaries and then distributed a SPARC interpreter, but
JVM is a much simpler architecture to interpret.)
Another advantage of using JVM
is that if the interpreter is implemented properly, which is not completely trivial,
incoming JVM programs can be checked for safety and then executed in a protect-
ed environment so they cannot steal data or do any damage.
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