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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 954
SEC. 11.4
PROCESSES AND THREADS IN WINDOWS
923
In case 1, the thread is already in the kernel to carry out the operation on the dis-
patcher or I/O object.
It cannot possibly continue, so it calls the scheduler code to
pick its successor and load that thread’s
CONTEXT
record to resume running it.
In case 2, the running thread is in the kernel, too.
However, after signaling
some object, it can definitely continue because signaling an object never blocks.
Still, the thread is required to call the scheduler to see if the result of its action has
released a thread with a higher scheduling priority that is now ready to run.
If so, a
thread switch occurs since Windows is fully preemptive (i.e., thread switches can
occur at any moment, not just at the end of the current thread’s quantum). Howev-
er, in the case of a multicore chip or a multiprocessor, a thread that was made ready
may be scheduled on a different CPU and the original thread can continue to ex-
ecute on the current CPU even though its scheduling priority is lower.
In case 3, an interrupt to kernel mode occurs, at which point the thread ex-
ecutes the scheduler code to see who runs next. Depending on what other threads
are waiting, the same thread may be selected, in which case it gets a new quantum
and continues running.
Otherwise a thread switch happens.
The scheduler is also called under two other conditions:
1. An I/O operation completes.
2. A timed wait expires.
In the first case, a thread may have been waiting on this I/O and is now released to
run. A check has to be made to see if it should preempt the running thread since
there is no guaranteed minimum run time.
The scheduler is not run in the interrupt
handler itself (since that may keep interrupts turned off too long).
Instead, a DPC
is queued for slightly later, after the interrupt handler is done.
In the second case, a
thread has done a
down
on a semaphore or blocked on some other object, but with
a timeout that has now expired. Again it is necessary for the interrupt handler to
queue a DPC to avoid having it run during the clock interrupt handler.
If a thread
has been made ready by this timeout, the scheduler will be run and if the newly
runnable thread has higher priority, the current thread is preempted as in case 1.
Now we come to the actual scheduling algorithm.
The Win32 API provides
two APIs to influence thread scheduling.
First, there is a call
SetPriorityClass
that
sets the priority class of all the threads in the caller’s process. The allowed values
are: real-time, high, above normal, normal, below normal, and idle.
The priority
class determines the relative priorities of processes.
The process priority class can
also be used by a process to temporarily mark itself as being
background
, meaning
that it should not interfere with any other activity in the system.
Note that the pri-
ority class is established for the process, but it affects the actual priority of every
thread in the process by setting a base priority that each thread starts with when
created.
The second Win32 API is
SetThreadPriority
.
It sets the relative priority of a
thread (possibly, but not necessarily, the calling thread) with respect to the priority
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