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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
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Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 982
SEC. 11.7
INPUT/OUTPUT IN WINDOWS
951
IRP to devices while it is being processed are reused when the I/O operation has
finally completed to provide memory for the APC control object used to call the
I/O manager’s completion routine in the context of the original thread.
There is
also a link field used to link all the outstanding IRPs to the thread that initiated
them.
Device Stacks
A driver in Windows may do all the work by itself, as the printer driver does in
Fig. 11-38.
On the other hand, drivers may also be stacked, which means that a re-
quest may pass through a sequence of drivers, each doing part of the work. Two
stacked drivers are also illustrated in Fig. 11-38.
User process
User
program
Win32
Rest of windows
Hardware abstraction layer
Controller
Controller
Controller
Filter
Function
Bus
Function
Bus
Monolithic
Driver
stack
Figure 11-38.
Windows allows drivers to be stacked to work with a specific in-
stance of a device. The stacking is represented by device objects.
One common use for stacked drivers is to separate the bus management from
the functional work of controlling the device. Bus management on the PCI bus is
quite complicated on account of many kinds of modes and bus transactions.
By
Page 983
952
CASE STUDY 2: WINDOWS 8
CHAP. 11
separating this work from the device-specific part, driver writers are freed from
learning how to control the bus. They can just use the standard bus driver in their
stack. Similarly, USB and SCSI drivers have a device-specific part and a generic
part, with common drivers being supplied by Windows for the generic part.
Another use of stacking drivers is to be able to insert
filter drivers
into the
stack. We have already looked at the use of file-system filter drivers, which are in-
serted above the file system.
Filter drivers are also used for managing physical
hardware. A filter driver performs some transformation on the operations as the
IRP flows down the device stack, as well as during the completion operation with
the IRP flows back up through the completion routines each driver specified. For
example, a filter driver could compress data on the way to the disk or encrypt data
on the way to the network. Putting the filter here means that neither the applica-
tion program nor the true device driver has to be aware of it, and it works automat-
ically for all data going to (or coming from) the device.
Kernel-mode device drivers are a serious problem for the reliability and stabil-
ity of Windows. Most of the kernel crashes in Windows are due to bugs in device
drivers. Because kernel-mode device drivers all share the same address space with
the kernel and executive layers, errors in the drivers can corrupt system data struc-
tures, or worse. Some of these bugs are due to the astonishingly large numbers of
device drivers that exist for Windows, or to the development of drivers by less-
experienced system programmers.
The bugs are also due to the enormous amount
of detail involved in writing a correct driver for Windows.
The I/O model is powerful and flexible, but all I/O is fundamentally asynchro-
nous, so race conditions can abound.
Windows 2000 added the plug-and-play and
device power management facilities from the Win9x systems to the NT-based Win-
dows for the first time.
This put a large number of requirements on drivers to deal
correctly with devices coming and going while I/O packets are in the middle of
being processed.
Users of PCs frequently dock/undock devices, close the lid and
toss notebooks into briefcases, and generally do not worry about whether the little
green activity light happens to still be on.
Writing device drivers that function cor-
rectly in this environment can be very challenging, which is why WDF was devel-
oped to simplify the Windows Driver Model.
Many books are available about the Windows Driver Model and the newer
Windows Driver Foundation (Kanetkar, 2008; Orwick & Smith, 2007; Reeves,
2010; Viscarola et al., 2007; and Vostokov, 2009).
11.8 THE WINDOWS NT FILE SYSTEM
Windows supports several file systems, the most important of which are
FAT-16
,
FAT-32
, and
NTFS
(
NT File System
). FAT -16 is the old MS-DOS file
system. It uses 16-bit disk addresses, which limits it to disk partitions no larger
than 2 GB.
Mostly it is used to access floppy disks, for those customers that still
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