|
|
|
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
Showing 283 out of 1137
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 283
252
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
CHAP. 3
Each page table has entries for 1024 4-KB page frames, so a single page table
handles 4 megabytes of memory.
A segment shorter than 4M will have a page di-
rectory with a single entry, a pointer to its one and only page table.
In this way, the
overhead for short segments is only two pages, instead of the million pages that
would be needed in a one-level page table.
To avoid making repeated references to memory, the x86, like MULTICS, has
a small TLB that directly maps the most recently used
Dir
-
Page
combinations
onto the physical address of the page frame. Only when the current combination is
not present in the TLB is the mechanism of Fig. 3-41 actually carried out and the
TLB updated.
As long as TLB misses are rare, performance is good.
It is also worth noting that if some application does not need segmentation but
is simply content with a single, paged, 32-bit address space, that model is possible.
All the segment registers can be set up with the same selector, whose descriptor
has
Base
=
0 and
Limit
set to the maximum. The instruction offset will then be the
linear address, with only a single address space used—in effect, normal paging.
In
fact, all current operating systems for the x86 work this way.
OS/2 was the only
one that used the full power of the Intel MMU architecture.
So why did Intel kill what was a variant of the perfectly good MULTICS mem-
ory model that it supported for close to three decades? Probably the main reason is
that neither UNIX nor Windows ever used it, even though it was quite efficient be-
cause it eliminated system calls, turning them into lightning-fast procedure calls to
the relevant address within a protected operating system segment. None of the
developers of any UNIX or Windows system wanted to change their memory
model to something that was x86 specific because it would break portability to
other platforms.
Since the software was not using the feature, Intel got tired of
wasting chip area to support it and removed it from the 64-bit CPUs.
All in all, one has to give credit to the x86 designers. Given the conflicting
goals of implementing pure paging, pure segmentation, and paged segments, while
at the same time being compatible with the 286, and doing all of this efficiently,
the resulting design is surprisingly simple and clean.
3.8 RESEARCH ON MEMORY MANAGEMENT
Traditional memory management, especially paging algorithms for uniproces-
sor CPUs, was once a fruitful area for research, but most of that seems to have
largely died off, at least for general-purpose systems, although there are some peo-
ple who never say die (Moruz et al., 2012) or are focused on some application,
such as online transaction processing, that has specialized requirements (Stoica and
Ailamaki, 2013).
Even on uniprocessors, paging to SSDs rather than to hard disks
brings up new issues and requires new algorithms (Chen et al., 2012).
Paging to
the up-and-coming nonvolatile phase-change memories also requires rethinking
Ace your assessments! Get Better Grades
Browse thousands of Study Materials & Solutions from your Favorite Schools
Concordia University
Concordia_University
School:
Operating_Systems
Course:
Great resource for chem class. Had all the past labs and assignments
Leland P.
Santa Clara University
Introducing Study Plan
Using AI Tools to Help you understand and remember your course concepts better and faster than any other resource.
Find the best videos to learn every concept in that course from Youtube and Tiktok without searching.
Save All Relavent Videos & Materials and access anytime and anywhere
Prepare Smart and Guarantee better grades
Know more
Students also viewed documents
lab 18.docx
lab_18.docx
Course
Course
3
Module5QuizSTA2023.d...
Module5QuizSTA2023.docx.docx
Course
Course
10
Week 7 Test Math302....
Week_7_Test_Math302.docx.docx
Course
Course
30
Chapter 1 Assigment ...
Chapter_1_Assigment_Questions.docx.docx
Course
Course
5
Week 4 tests.docx.do...
Week_4_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
23
Week 6 tests.docx.do...
Week_6_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
106
