|
|
|
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew S. Tanenb...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf
Showing 417 out of 1137
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert Bos and Andrew...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Modern Operating Systems by Herbert...
Modern_Operating_Systems_by_Herbert_Bos_and_Andrew_S._Tanenbaum_4th_Ed.pdf-M ODERN O PERATING S YSTEMS
Page 417
386
INPUT/OUTPUT
CHAP. 5
rare that having the same sector go bad on a second (independent) drive during a
reasonable time interval (e.g., 1 day) is small enough to ignore.
The model also assumes the CPU can fail, in which case it just stops. Any disk
write in progress at the moment of failure also stops, leading to incorrect data in
one sector and an incorrect ECC that can later be detected. Under all these condi-
tions, stable storage can be made 100% reliable in the sense of writes either work-
ing correctly or leaving the old data in place.
Of course, it does not protect against
physical disasters, such as an earthquake happening and the computer falling 100
meters into a fissure and landing in a pool of boiling magma.
It is tough to recover
from this condition in software.
Stable storage uses a pair of identical disks with the corresponding blocks
working together to form one error-free block.
In the absence of errors, the corres-
ponding blocks on both drives are the same. Either one can be read to get the same
result. To achieve this goal, the following three operations are defined:
1.
Stable writes
. A stable write consists of first writing the block on
drive 1, then reading it back to verify that it was written correctly.
If
it was not, the write and reread are done again up to
n
times until they
work. After
n
consecutive failures, the block is remapped onto a spare
and the operation repeated until it succeeds, no matter how many
spares have to be tried. After the write to drive 1 has succeeded, the
corresponding block on drive 2 is written and reread, repeatedly if
need be, until it, too, finally succeeds.
In the absence of CPU crashes,
when a stable write completes, the block has correctly been written
onto both drives and verified on both of them.
2.
Stable reads
. A stable read first reads the block from drive 1.
If this
yields an incorrect ECC, the read is tried again, up to
n
times. If all
of these give bad ECCs, the corresponding block is read from drive 2.
Given the fact that a successful stable write leaves two good copies of
the block behind, and our assumption that the probability of the same
block spontaneously going bad on both drives in a reasonable time in-
terval is negligible, a stable read always succeeds.
3.
Crash recovery
. After a crash, a recovery program scans both disks
comparing corresponding blocks.
If a pair of blocks are both good
and the same, nothing is done.
If one of them has an ECC error, the
bad block is overwritten with the corresponding good block.
If a pair
of blocks are both good but different, the block from drive 1 is written
onto drive 2.
In the absence of CPU crashes, this scheme always works because stable
writes always write two valid copies of every block and spontaneous errors are as-
sumed never to occur on both corresponding blocks at the same time. What about
Ace your assessments! Get Better Grades
Browse thousands of Study Materials & Solutions from your Favorite Schools
Concordia University
Concordia_University
School:
Operating_Systems
Course:
Great resource for chem class. Had all the past labs and assignments
Leland P.
Santa Clara University
Introducing Study Plan
Using AI Tools to Help you understand and remember your course concepts better and faster than any other resource.
Find the best videos to learn every concept in that course from Youtube and Tiktok without searching.
Save All Relavent Videos & Materials and access anytime and anywhere
Prepare Smart and Guarantee better grades
Know more
Students also viewed documents
lab 18.docx
lab_18.docx
Course
Course
3
Module5QuizSTA2023.d...
Module5QuizSTA2023.docx.docx
Course
Course
10
Week 7 Test Math302....
Week_7_Test_Math302.docx.docx
Course
Course
30
Chapter 1 Assigment ...
Chapter_1_Assigment_Questions.docx.docx
Course
Course
5
Week 4 tests.docx.do...
Week_4_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
23
Week 6 tests.docx.do...
Week_6_tests.docx.docx
Course
Course
106
