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SHS170EXAM3.docx
SHS170EXAM3.docx
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SHS170EXAM3.docx-SHS 170 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE
SHS170EXAM3.docx-SHS 170 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE
SHS170EXAM3.docx-SHS 170 EXAM 3 STU...
SHS170EXAM3.docx-SHS 170 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE
Page 3
>>Neurogenic Speech Disorders<<
Definion
: speech difficules related to problems of MOVEMENT as result of neurological or nerve
disorder or injury
Motor programming:
Specify movement parameters
Apraxia
Neuromuscular execuon:
Movement of muscles
Dysarthria, Parkinson’s, Cerebral Palsy
Apraxia:
Voluntary motor placement unrelated to muscle weakness, slowness, or paralysis
Impairment to program and execute movement of muscles for speech producon
Speech
: iniaon and execuon of movement paerns for speech
Oral
: apraxia of mouth area
Say the name of common objects differently on repeat aempts, use unrelated substuons,
repeons, addions to correct error, and islands of fluency
Sentence imitaon, spontaneous speech, read aloud, “puh” “tuh” “kuh”
“know it but can’t say it”
Broca’s area is not working correcng (assembly line for motor movements of speech)
(Ex) vacaon to California in book
Dysarthria:
Impaired producon of speech due to disturbance in the muscular control of speech
mechanisms
Diagnosis:
o
Electromyography (EMG): Determines if disease originates in the nerve/muscle, the
distribuon and duraon of the disease
o
Lumbar Puncture (LP)
o
Quantave Muscle Tesng
o
Muscle and Nerve Biopsy
Flaccid:
o
Damage to lower motor neuron (LMN)
o
Muscles become
hypotonic
= weak, soſt, flabby
Flaccid because of paralysis so reflexes reduced
Atrophy
: muscles shrink (esp. tongue)
Fasciculaons
: small spontaneous movements of muscles
o
Breathy voice, monotone, reduced pitch
o
Eology: any disease that affects motor unit, neuromuscular juncon, physical trauma,
stoke, tumors
Spasc:
o
Result from bilateral damage to upper motor neuron
o
Spascity
: sff/rigid muscles
Harsh, strained voice
o
Eology: stroke, inflammatory, infecon
Ataxic:
o
Damage to cerebellum
3
Page 4
o
Muscle weakness & coordinaon, breakdown in motor organizaon
o
Problems include accuracy, ming, and direcon of movement
o
Arculaon and prosody problems
Hyperkinec:
o
Associated with disease of basal ganglia control circuit
o
Too much movement
o
Produce involuntary movements that interfere with speech
o
Prosody
: prolonged intervals between syllables and words, variably rate of speech
o
Rapid unexpected inhales and exhales
Hypokinec:
o
Damage to basal ganglia
o
Decrease/lack of movement
o
Result of Parkinson’s disease
o
Muscles are rigid and sff
Mixed:
o
Combo of 2+
o
Result of brain injuries
o
One could be predominate and can change over me
o
Severe muscle weakness
Parkinsonism:
Neurogenic disorder characterized by resng tremors, slowness of movement, difficulty
iniang voluntary movements. Speech may be rapid, breathy, and reduced in loudness, pitch,
and stress
Result from genec or environmental factors
Tremors
: oscillaons or twitching
Bradykinesia:
slowed ability to start/connue body movements & impaired ability to adjust
body posion
Muscular rigidity:
opposing muscles contract
Akinesia:
decreased body movement
Disturbance of postural reflexes, disturbed swallowing, voice changes
Cerebral Palsy:
Neurological difficules resulng from brain injury occurring very early in fetal/infant
development that generally do not become worse over me
Eology: brain damage in first few months or years of life (head injury), infecon during
pregnancy, jaundice in the infant, Rh incompability, birth complicaons account for 10% of CP
o
Anoxia
: severely deficient in oxygen
o
Hemorrhage
: internal bleeding, loss of blood from circulatory system
Hypotonia:
poor muscle tone and weakness
o
Muscle movement and control then evolve into 3 types
Spasc (hypertonia): 60%
o
Too much muscle tone, tone increases as muscles stretched
o
Rigid stretch reflex, jerky movement, infanle reflex paerns
o
Motor cortex/pyramidal tract affected
Athetoid (dyskinesia): 30%
o
Slow, involuntary, disorganized and uncoordinated movement
o
Extrapyramidal tract
Ataxic: 10%
4
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