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TIKANGA EXAM.docx-TIKANGA What is Tikanga Maori?
TIKANGA_EXAM.docx-TIKANGA What is Tikanga Maori?
TIKANGA EXAM.docx-TIKANGA What is T...
TIKANGA_EXAM.docx-TIKANGA What is Tikanga Maori?
Page 7
•
Tangata means person so mana tangata is mana that is acquired through a person’s
aributes and/or abilies.
Ø
The abilies/accomplishments that serve as the means of acquiring mana tangata don’t
have to be well-known amongst a large group of people. It can be an ability that you have
relave to only your family (e.g. best cook in your family).
•
E.g. Maui has a lot of mana tangata from his exploits and adventures. He is the youngest in his
family, but because of his aributes and deeds he is the one that is known.
Ø
Can be associated with the collecve, so e.g if you do something good, all iwi wil try and
claim you
4. Mana
Whenua
MANA
THAT DERIVES FROM LAND
.
The mana whenua that
comes from your TRADITIONAL
ASSOCIATION WITH LAND
•
“Tangata whenua” or people of the land
•
If you have mana whenua, visitors can’t come on to the land and tell those that have
mana whenua, what to do.
•
MANA WHENUA IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO WHAKAPAPA
.
You cannot have mana
whenua to land that you have no whakapapa connecon to.
If you go to another country what law applies?
•
Mana Whenua is the same as laws within other countries. You can’t just go over to another country
and apply your own set of rules/laws while completely disregarding the rules/laws nave to that
country.
With Mana whenua, you cannot come on to land that you have no whakapapa connecon
to and start ordering those that do have whakapapa around.
Tapu
Tapu is everywhere
– can be found everywhere from places, to people, to things.
Hirini Moko Mead:
“The concept of tapu is a very important element in all kanga, The source of tapu goes to the heart of Maori religious
thought.”
Tapu can be defined using the following words- sacred, prohibited, restricted, set apart, forbidden or under the
protecon of a atua
In kanga it has that
added spiritual and supernatural element to it.
Considered to be the
power of the atua or gods
Noa
Opposite of tapu
Tapu is sacred whereas Noa is a state of being normal – If something is tapu, like a tangihanga,
YOU NEED TO GET TO A
STATE OF NOA AFTERWARDS (YOU CAN DO THIS BY A KARAKIA/PRAYER, FRESH WATER, OR FOOD)
The average person, when they are in a state of normalcy, they are considered noa.
There are things you can do to go from one state to another.
o
Wai Māori (fresh water)
o
Kai (food) this is why people usually put on a feast aſter a funeral to return to the state of noa
Page 8
Wahi Tapu
•
Wahi means place or site
•
Wahi tapu- Place or site that is sacred
•
Waitangi tribunal:
“Wahi tapu provides the
SPIRITUAL AND CULTURAL BASE
of the Maori people
. Wahi tapu may be
urupa (burial
grounds), special places associated with birth or death or chiefly persons, or tradional canoe building and landing
places.
Temporary tapu may be placed on hunng or fishing grounds or culvaons to conserve and protect their
resources. Wahi tapu may also include places associated with parcular tupuna and events connected with them.
Wahi tapu provide 'cultural and tribal markers”.
All Maori/iwi have Wahi tapu – sacred sites. The problem though is that Wahi tapu is oſten NOT considered when
there is new development of roads, buildings etc. This is a COLLISION between Tikanga Maori and State law.
•
Public Works Act allows government to take certain Wahi tapu aſter meeng certain requirements.
•
There needs to be relevant legislaon that Maori can rely upon to argue that the Crown cannot take land
that is Wahi tapu. Without it, it is impossible for Maori to come out on top in one of these conflicts.
o
Oſten in the absence of legislaon, Maori will protest on Wahi tapu to prevent it from falling into
Crown hands.
What happens when there is a breach of Wahi Tapu?
•
DISASTER
- something bad can happen
o
We can see how Tapu governs Maori. It is a way of governing how they act and funcons as a
coercive mechanism for direcng Maori on how to act
if they fail to act in this way then they
face consequences.
•
Can open a person up to
SPIRITUAL SANCTION
or
SUPERNATURAL PUNISHMENT
.
This is a way kanga is enforced, if everyone thinks something bad will happen, it controls behaviour as no one
will do it
CASE STUDY 1 – Maori Burial Pracce/Tangihanga
Tangihanga (Funeral)
First few hours aſter death (or before death)
Ø
Whānau gather at the place of death or where the body is located
Ø
Body taken to the undertaker- Whānau connue to gather
Ø
Whānau pani (chief mourners/closest kinship link) - decide where the body will go
Ø
Whānau & Hapū members begin to gather at the Marae
Ø
Food- collected, dropped off, supermarket
Body arrives at the marae
Ø
Body taken on to the Marae (First day)
Ø
Pohiri/Powhiri
Ø
Manuhiri (visitors) start arriving
Ø
Visitors may leave but there will always be someone around the body – body is NEVER leſt alone
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