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Unit 4 Learning Objectives.docx
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Page 4
So for the predator, birth rates would increase and the prey death rates would decrease
K: antagonistic- +/- it would lower the fitness and the carrying capacity is dependent on
the abiotic resource ability
HOCS
D.
Compare
and
contrast
density-dependent and density-independent limits on population
growth
Density-independent: change birth rates and death rates
irrespective
of population size—
usually abiotic
o
May kill a large proportion of individuals in a population regardless of the
population’s density
o
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
Density-dependent: change in intensity as a
function of population size
—usually biotic—
changes in birth and death rates cause logistic population growth
o
Factors with an effect on population size that increases in proportion to population
density
o
S shaped curve
E.
Provide
examples of density-dependent and density independent limits on population growth
Density-dependent: biotic factors (food supply, predators, pathogens)
Density-independent: abiotic factors (storm)
F.
Relate
density-dependent population growth to the concept of fitness
If the population is more dense then the surviving individuals will have higher fitness
*** The following learning goals from Unit 3 will also be covered on Exam 4. ***
1. Understand the intimate relationship between populations and diversity
LOCS
F.
Explain
(in your own words) the predictions of the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) Principle.
There won’t be a change in allele frequencies
Allows us to predict offspring genotypes/phenotypes
without
knowing the parents’
genotypes
G.
List
and
restate
(in your own words) the five assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
NO genetic drift
No mutation
No gene flow
Random mating
No natural selection
H.
Recall
the meaning of the terms p, q, p2, q2, 2pq of the HW equation.
p: dominant allele frequency
q: recessive allele frequency
p
2
: expected genotype frequency of homozygous dominant
q
2
: expected genotype frequency of homozygous recessive
2pq: expected genotype frequency of heterozygotes
HOCS
K.
Relate
frequencies/probabilities of offspring of two parents to population allele/genotype
frequencies.
M.
Calculate
allele frequencies given genotype frequencies or number of individuals with each
genotype
Page 5
if given 26 AA, 23 Aa, 14 aa, you would do 26+26+23/2x the population to get A allele
frequency, or p
N.
Calculate
the probabilities of offspring of particular genotypes or phenotypes expected in the
next generation if the population is in Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium given their frequencies in
the current generation
O.
Justify
why p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0, and why p + q = 1.0, whether or not the population is in
Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium.
1 means that the whole population has been accounted for
2. Understand that not all genes in all populations are in HW equilibrium
LOCS
A. List
the four processes that change allele frequencies in populations through time.
Genetic drift
Mutation
Natural selection
Gene flow
B.
Restate
(in your own words) what it means for an allele to be fixed in a population or lost
from a population.
100% of the allele is fixed and 0% is lost
C.
Relate
allele fixation to genetic diversity (e.g., what is the effect of fixation on genetic
diversity?).
allele fixation decreases genetic diversity
D.
Identify
processes that can cause alleles to be fixed or lost.
Genetic drift
Natural selection
E.
Define
biological evolution.
Change in allele frequencies over time
Change in the genetic composition of populations over time
HOCS
F. When prompted with one of the conditions of the H-W Principle,
describe
(in your own
words) why a population cannot be in H-W equilibrium without it.
No natural selection-- All combinations of parental genotypes produce equal numbers of
offspring: this must occur or else you wouldn’t be able to predict the allele frequencies in
future populations
No genetic drift-- The frequencies of alleles in gametes that
actually produce offspring
are the same as the frequencies of alleles in the parental gene pool: must occur or else
you cannot predict the correct allele frequencies for the future populations
No gene flow-- No individuals leave the population and no new individuals enter it from
elsewhere: if individuals leave or come in it changes the allele frequency and messes up
the expected frequencies in future generations
No mutation-- Mutation does not occur in this gene: if a mutation were to occur then a
new allele would be introduced into the population and this would mess up the expected
frequencies
Random mating-- Individuals choose mates randomly: if there is nonrandom mating then
some alleles may be lost in the population
3.Understand fitness in the context of natural selection
LOCS
A. Define
fitness in the context of natural selection.
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