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Asteroid Belt

- Doughnut shaped ring of asteroids in orbit between mars and Jupiter

Asteroid

- rocky airless worlds that orbit the sun- millions of them- asteroids formed

inside

frost line, comets outside. Leﬅover

planetesimals that never accreted into planets

Eris

: icy object that orbits In the Kuiper belt like Pluto (Pluto is large member of the Kuiper belt)

Ceres-

Largest Asteroid- large enough for gravity to force it into a sphere shape-

Dwarf Planet

Rings of Saturn

- Saturn possesses the most extensive planetary ring system of any planet in our system

-countless icy parcles, ranging in size from dust grains to large boulders

-Main Rings

- A&B Rings are Densest separated by Cassini Division-C ring, wide faint ring inside B

Dusty Rings

- innermost ring; small dusty parcles

F-Ring-

outermost thing ring outside the A-ring

Comets-

Small icy parcle that when it passes near the sun it heats up and outgases producing a bright light



tail always points

away from the Sun (longest and brightest at perihelion)



pea sized parcle from comet= shoong star

Meteor

: countless grains of broken rock (cosmic dust) scaers throughout the solar system



enter Earth’s atmosphere & burn

up, producing a brief ﬂash of light in the night sky known as a

meteor

(oﬅen referred to as shoong stars). Occasionally, some

larger chunk of rocky or metallic material survives its passage through the atmosphere and lands on Earth. Any piece that

strikes the ground is known as a

meteorite

Theories of the moon (early):

1. The ﬁssion theory—the Moon was once part of Earth, but somehow separated from it early in

their history 2. The sister theory—the Moon formed together with (but independent of) Earth, as we believe many moons of

the outer planets formed 3. The capture theory—the Moon formed elsewhere in the solar system and was captured by Earth.



the giant impact hypothesis:

Earth being struck obliquely by an object

approximately one-tenth Earth’s mass; this ejected rock vapor then cooled and formed a ring of material orbing Earth. It was

this ring that ulmately condensed into the Moon.

Radioacve rocks:

If you had 1 gram of pure radioacve nuclei with a half-life of 100 years, then aﬅer 100 years you would

have 1/2 gram; aﬅer 200 years, 1/4 gram; aﬅer 300 years, only 1/8 gram; etc.

Earth’s atmosphere:

78% nitrogen (N

), 21% oxygen (O

), and 1% argon (Ar), with traces of water vapor (H

O), carbon dioxide

(CO

), and other gases. Variable amounts of dust parcles and water droplets are also found suspended in the air.

Lunar Maria

- relavely smooth, ﬂat plains on the Moon

Lunar Highlands

- Brighter parts of the moon that are easier to be seen and are older than the Marias. Parts are said to be

younger than cratered

Ozone-

gas that absorbs UV solar radiaon about 15-50km above earth’s surface. In stratosphere

Greenhouse Gas-

gas that absorbs and emits radiaon within the thermal infrared range. (CO2, CH4, N2O,

Greenhouse Eﬀect

- Radiaon from greenhouse gases heat up a planet’s atmosphere to warmer than it should (increase GG,

increase Earth’s temp



GG absorb infrared light)

Great Red Spot-

persistent storm on the planet Jupiter, 22° south of the equator, which has lasted for at least 185 years and

possibly as long as 350 years or more

Global warming:

a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally aributed to the

greenhouse eﬀect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chloroﬂuorocarbons, and other pollutants.

Surface of the moon:

buried under a ﬁne-grained soil of ny, shaered rock fragments.

Crater:

surface of region is younger: not as heavily crated

Planet formaon:

accreon: growth of planetesimals from smaller solid parcles that collided and stuck together

Terrestrial Planets:

4 inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

***no substanal atmosphere



Orbits are relavely closely spaced, all have rocky solid surfaces, very few (if any) satellites



Mercury

- smallest planet, slightly bigger than earth’s moon- covered in craters, closest to Sun, shortest revoluon



Venus

- closest in size to earth- carbon dioxide in atm. makes surface hot enough to melt lead (hoer than Earth)



volcanoes and tectonics most imp in shaping present surface



Earth

- abundance of liquid water on surface- sustainable for life- unique greenery. Water comes from comets

impacted earth



Mars

- water ice in the polar caps, occasional clouds around the large volcanoes, evidence of permafrost under the

Maran surface.

Volcanoes north, Craters south (visible water ice on it)



Mars& Earth= similar mostly in length of

solar day ****

Jovian Planets

- 4 outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune –****blue due to methane



Much more massive than any of Terrestrial planets



Lack solid surfaces



All have rings!!!



Composed mainly of hydrogen, helium, and hydrogen compounds



NOT higher in avg density than are the terrestrial planets



Extensive system of moons.

Photosphere:

visible surface of the sun, underneath the opaque layer to which you can start to see visible light

Granules-

on the photosphere, caused by convecon currents of plasma within the suns convecve zone.

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