Human Biology

Gen Bio II

Cellular Biology

reached. Once the graded potenals reach the -55 mV threshold, and acon potenal occurs the acon potenals are self-sustaining, travel all the way down the axon, and follow the all or none law 23. Describe how the nervous system communicates quantave and qualitave informaon about smuli. The qualitave informaon is carried by speciﬁc neurons. The quantave informaon is encoded two ways: neuron thresholds and frequency of smulaon.

BIO | 101 | Human Biology | question bank | reached. Once the graded poten

a. Blocked practice and random practice produce similar benefits for both performance and learning. b. Blocked practice and random practice produce similar benefits for initial performance but not learning. c. Blocked practice produces poorer initial performance but superior learning. d. Random practice produces poorer initial performance but superior learning. 7. True or False . Improvements in performance can occur from the end of one practice session to the start of the next if the intervening time includes a period of non-REM sleep. This type of improvement is known as sleep dependent learning . (1 pts)

BIO | 123 | Gen Bio II | study guides | a. Blocked practice and random

polymerase matches free nucleodes to the exposed bases while RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and assembles the RNA. 12. Explain why DNA replicaon is called semiconservave. DNA replicaon is known as semiconservave replicaon because half of the original DNA strand is conserved throughout the replicaon process. A new strand of DNA forms by using half of the original strand as a template. 13. Deﬁne mutaon . Explain why some mutaons are harmless and others can be lethal. Mutaon is changes in DNA structure due to replicaon errors or environmental factors. Some mutaons cause no ill eﬀects, others kill the cell, turn it cancerous, or cause genec defects in future generaons. 14. List the stages of the cell cycle and summarize what occurs in each one. G1- ﬁrst gap phase, an interval between cell division and DNA replicaon. During this me a cell synthesizes proteins, grows and carries out its preordained tasks for the body. S-Synthesis phase, in which a cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all its nuclear DNA. G2- second gap phase is the interval between DNA replicaon and cell division. Cell exhibits further growth, makes more organelles, ﬁnishes replicang its centrioles, and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division. M-mitoc phase, n which a cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two to form two new daughter cells. 15. List the stages of mitosis and the main processes that occur in each one. Prophase is the ﬁrst phase is when the two sister chromads pair up and the nucleoli disappears. Prometaphase is the second phase where the microtubules begin to separate from each other, each pair of microtubules aach to the kinetochores and some nonkinetohore microtubules interact with those from the opposite pole of the spindle. Metaphase is the third phase where the chromosomes are lined up on the invisible line of the metaphase plate. Anaphase is the fourth phase where the two daughter chromosomes begin to separate from each other to opposite poles. Telophase is the last phase where the two daughter nuclei form creang two idencal nuclei. 16. Concisely explain how cyclins, Cdks, and checkpoints control the cell cycle. E.xtracellular signaling molecules that alter rate at which cells grow/divide 18. State at least three reasons why a person’s phenotype can’t always be determined from the genotype. An individual's phenotype can't be used to determine its genotype because the genotype determines the phenotype. The genes carry much more informaon than is shown by the phenotype. Some genotypes result in the same phenotype.

BIO | 101 | Human Biology | question bank | polymerase matches free nucleo

HK 10000 Questions for Chapter 16 (10 pts) For each & every question, put the correct answer. If you decide that a T/F question is false, change the underlined part to make it true. 1. Name and describe four of the five properties that good models of motor control will explain. (2 pts) Degree of freedom: refers to the capability of the brain and nervous system to simultaneously and continuously consider and somehow control, the enormous number of independent variables. Motor equivalence: the capability of the motor system to perform a particular task, and produce the same movement outcome, in a variety of ways Serial order: the capability of the motor system to structure movement commands in such a way as to reliably produce movement elements in their desired sequence. Perceptual-motor integration: is the capability of the motor system to produce movements closely matched to the current environmental demands (perceived by the performer). 2. Describe the information processing stages involved in swatting a fly. (2 pts) First stage is perceiving; hearing the fly buzzing around you which is detected buy your ears and then seeing the fly itself by your eyes. Next is the deciding stage, which is focusing on if there is any action needed in respond to current and future events. The final stage is action; organizing and executing the desired movement. In this case would be swatting a fly. 3. An information processing model of motor control indicates that (1 pt) a. Processing stages that cannot be directly observed also cannot be trained b. Movement errors are a result of deficiencies in neural hardware c. Any movement error may originate from different stages of processing d. The brain uses the same programming language as a computer 4. True or False. Detection and selective attention are both perceptual processes. (1 pts) 5. The reason skilled observers are able to recognize more than seven movement patterns is that (1 pt) a. Skilled people have no measurable limits to their recognition capability b. Movement patterns are recognized on the basis of multiple attributes c. The limit for recognizing different stimuli, objects or events is 17 d. They have been born with larger memory capacity than other observers 6. Which of the following statements regarding reaction time (RT) is correct? (1 pt) a. RT increases in direct proportion to the number of alternatives available to choose from. b. Choice RT is generally faster than simple RT. c. RT is the elapsed time between a stimulus and the start of a response to that stimulus. d. The person with the fastest RT for one alternative will also always be fastest for eight alternatives. 7. True or False . Once a decision is made, muscle contraction must then organize the movement before it can be initiated. (1 pts) 8. Which of the following statements is correct? (1 pt) a. Closed loop control is dependent on the monitoring of feedback from the movement. b. Movement time is always less for short than for long movements regardless of target size. c. Closed-loop control is enacted through the use of motor programs. d. It takes longer to initiate movements under closed loop control than one under open loop control.

BIO | 123 | Gen Bio II | study guides | HK 10000 Questions for Chapter

HK 10000 Chapter 13 Questions (10 pts) 1. With what type of training can a child improve his/her aerobic endurance? Be specific (1 pt total) Effective aerobic training programs in children normally consist of a series of sustained-exercise sessions of 40 to 60 minutes in duration. These sessions should be done 3 times per week over 12 weeks program. 2. With what type of training can a child improve his/her strength? Be specific (1 pt total) The type of training that can improve a child’s strength is high-intensity and resistance training. This type of training can improve maximal power output, maximal strength, and athletic performance in children. Improvements in strength of 10% to 40% have been shown in children and adolescents after resistance training for less than 20 weeks. 3. Why does endurance capacity decline in the average older adult? (2 pts) Endurance capacity decline in the average older adults because of loss of muscle mass, especially of the thigh muscles, the main source of power in cycle tests of anaerobic capacity. The decrease in anaerobic capacity and muscle mass are due to decreases in muscle fibre size. 4. Why does strength decrease with age? (2.5 pts) Age-related decline in Vo2 max is generally correlated with changes in body composition. Loss of muscle mass and an increase in fat mass collectively decrease the amount of energetically active muscle tissue and therefore lead to a decrease in oxygen consumption results. 5. How does endurance exercise prescription differ for older adults compared to a prescription for younger adults? (3.5 pts) In older adults, a conservation approach to exercise prescription is needed because older individuals are often exhibit a lower functional capacity and slower rate of adaptation to exercise training. For example, adults training is usually low-intensity exercise, simple movements; supported exercise while younger children training is high-intensity and heavy loads.

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