Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology I

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Digestive_online_quiz.docx-Digestive online quiz The __________ is

What do PAS and Feulgen have in common they both use Schiﬀ reagent to create the color at the end they are a shade purple (caused by schiﬀ reagent) what’s diﬀerent is the preparatory steps whether periodic acid to open up di-aldehyde is polysaccharide or hot hydrochloric acid to open up di-aldehyde in deoxyribose Fast green is stained green for protein PAS stain for Polysaccharide is stained reddish purple Feulgen stain for DNA located in the nucleus is stained more blueish purple Where is protein localize in the cell? Everywhere In microbiology all negavely charged are called acid stains and they stain posively charged proteins DNA purple localized in the nuclear zone - Does the fact that you see a parcular component at one locaon mean that it is the only place in the cell where that material is present? Explain the answer is it’s the place where the material is concentrate there maybe smaller amounts elsewhere - Why are diﬀerent stains or chemical reagents needed for the diﬀerent components of the cells? They react diﬀerently because they are chemically diﬀerent. So that’s why we need diﬀerent stains - Methylene blue stains both RNA and DNA. Predict what an animal cell would look like if it were stained with this reagent. Draw a labeled diagram. Feulgen reagent will only stain DNA. Draw a labeled diagram of an animal cell stained with this reagent. There’s a lil more color in the nucleus its more contrast. Methylene blue stains both rna and DNA therefor the whole cell is blue parts dark blue other parts light blue. Feulgen only stain just the nucleus so you only get a purple nucleus The principal of autoradiography auto = by itself, radio = from radioacve, graphy = wring (making a picture) so means something radioacve making its own picture. In high resoluon u can somemes see the PAS stains as granules behind the macronucleus and these are call glycogen spurls granules Signal to noise rao in other words u seeing bright stains in glycogen granules on a pale background and how well you can see it depend on the signal to noise rao. Fresh stain granules are bright compare to the background Is stain are old the contrast will be diﬀerent (less) u will have more trouble to see the granules All the steps with water and bleaching is to remove background, it reduces the color of the background. So signal to noise raon apply to all the stain and why we want fresh stain so we can see an intense background color Glycogen is made in the smooth ER transported into the granules and store in the granules Whatever u see in a stain its telling you where the macromolecules is concentrated Histone protein are made in the cytoplasm If you see something in one place doesn’t mean it was made there. If u grown cell in C14 leucine (which is radioacve) the ﬁrst few minutes nothing will happen the leucine is used to make protein then later it will precipitate become part of the cell remnants With stain u see where a molecule is concentrated a stain like PAS tells u where there’s a lot of polysaccharide Stain is like a snapshot in me like at me moment there are a lot of polysaccharide at this locaon Stain that stain DNA the Feulgen stain tells u where there is a lot of DNA  in the nucleus But none of those tell you where or when the material was recently made whether or not it was transported from one place to another To track what the cell is metabolically doing like is it actually making polysaccharide right now u can give it a radioacve precursor for a ﬁx me rinse it out the radio acvity then ﬁx it then us autoradiography n see whether within that interval u exposed it if is was making any polymer or not The reason for Autoradiography in an experiment are to see whether a certain polymer is being made and if you do a pulse chase where it is made

BIO | 202 | Introduction to Biology II | lab | What do PAS and Feulgen have i

Local_Min_Max_and_Graphing.pdf.pdf-Warmup for 4.1.1 – do this

Question 1 True or False? Mucous membranes are part of specific immunity. Answer: False Question 2 True or False? B cells are associated with cell-mediated immunity. Answer: False Question 3 True or False? Interferons are secreted by T cells. Answer: False Okay, now let's try some multiple choice questions. Question 4 Is fever considered A) a localized response or B) a systemic response? Answer: B) a systemic response. Question 5 Which plasma proteins enhance the whole immune response? Is it A) the complement system or B) the interferons? Answer: A) the complement system Question 6 What do we call the cell surface proteins that allow a cell to be identified as safe or not? Are they A) antibodies or B) antigens? Answer: B) Antigens Great! Now let's try some short answer questions. Question 7 Mast cells secrete what chemical that causes the symptoms associated with an allergic reaction? Answer: Histamine Question 8 What is the mixture of dead white blood cells, ruined tissue, and living and dead pathogens observed with an infected injury called? Answer: Pus

BIO | 235 | Anatomy and Physiology | homework | Question 1 True or False? Muco

Question 1 Which of these is a type of phagocyte? Is it A) neutrophils or B) lymphocytes? The answer is A) Neutrophils. Neutrophils are a type of phagocyte. T cells are a type of lymphocyte. Question 2 The immunity with which you were born is referred to as what? Is it A) Innate or B) Adaptive? The answer is A) Innate. Innate means natural to your body. Question 3 Which white blood cells are associated with adaptive immunity? Is it A) the reticulocytes or B) the lymphocytes? The answer is B) the lymphocytes. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells. Question 4 Which type of immunity includes the skin? Is it A) Innate or B) Specific? The answer is A) Innate. Since you are born with your skin already on, it is an innate defense. Question 5 On which cells are Class Two MHC proteins found? Is it A) antigen-presenting cells or B) all your other cells? The answer is A) antigen-presenting cells. Class One MHC proteins are found on your other cells. Question 6 Which lymphocytes produce antibodies? Is it A) the B lymphocytes or B) the T lymphocytes? The answer is A) the B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes attack pathogens directly. Question 7 Are vaccines associated with A) the primary response by the immune system or B) the secondary response of the immune system? The answer is A) the primary response of the immune system. A low level of exposure helps your immune system to combat a subsequent infection faster. Question 8 When a T cell becomes mature enough to attack pathogens is it called A) immunocompromised or B) immunocompetent? The answer is B) immunocompetent. This means that a T cell has surface receptors used to identify specific antigen fragments.

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