Molecules and Cells

Intro to Bio online

Biology of the Cell

Introduction to Chemistry

General Chemistry I

Guided notes  Describe the structure of DNA The building blocks of DNA are nucleodes. Each nucleode is made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.  3 Parts of a nucleode Nitrogenous base, Pentose sugar, Phosphate Group  Genes Genec informaon is organized into genes: each gene contains informaon for making a funconal product  Purines and Pyrimidines Purines are bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen. Pyrimidines are bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms . The bigger bases (purines) pair with the smaller ones (pyrimidines). This keeps the width of the double helix constant. More speciﬁcally, A pairs with T and C pairs with G  How is DNA packaged in the nucleus Cells wrap their DNA strands around scaﬀolding proteins to form a coiled condensed structure called chroman  Transformaon DNA was ﬁrst isolated from white blood cells by Fredrich Miescher, who called it nulcein because it was isolated from nuclei.  Griﬃths experiment Fredrick Griﬃth’s experiments with strains of streptococcus pneumoniae provided the ﬁrst hint that DNA may be the transforming principle.  Hershey and Chase’s experiment Later experiments by Hershey and chase using bacteriophage T2 proved that DNA is the genec material.  Chargaﬀ’s rule DNA from any cell should have a 1 to 1 rao of pyrimidine and purine bases. That the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine  Describe DNA replicaon The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division  DNA polymerase Synthesis the new DNA strand also proofreads and correct some errors  What are the steps of DNA replicaon and what happens in each one -Topoisomerase- Relaxes the super- coiled DNA -DNA helicase- Unwinds the double helix at the replicaon fork -Primase- provides the starng point for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new strand -DNA Polymerase- synthesizes the new DNA strand also proofreads and corrects some errors -DNA Ligase- Rejoins the two DNA strands into a double helix and joins okazaki fragments of the lagging strand  Proofreading If an incorrect base has been added the enzyme makes a cut at the phosphodiester bond and releases the wrong nucleode and replaces it with the correct one  Mismatch Repair Somemes the incorrectly added base is detected aﬅer replicaon. The mismatch repair proteins detect this base and remove it from it from the newly synthesized strand by nuclease acon.  Telomeres A telomere is a region of repeve nucleode sequences at each end of a chromosome which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioraon of from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.  Telomerase An enzyme with a built in RNA template extends the ends by copying the RNA template and extending one end of the chromosome.  Gene Mutaon Is a permanent alteraon in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene such that makes up a gene such that the sequence diﬀers from what is found in most people.  Diﬀerent types of mutaons Hereditary mutaons are inherited from a parent and are present throughout a persons life in virtually every cell in the body. Acquired mutaons occur at the same me during a persons life and are present only in certain cells not in every cell in the body.

BIO | 111 | Intro to Bio online | study guides | Guided notes  Describe the st

Lab Report – Classifying Annelids, Arthropods, Echinoderms, & Mollusks Table Organism Name Phylum 1 Spider Arthropoda 2 Conch Mollusca 3 Leech Annelida 4 Feather duster Worm Annelida 5 Brile Star Echinodermata 6 Clam Mollusca 7 Octopus Mollusca 8 Millipede Arthropoda 9 Beetle Arthropoda 10 Bloodworm Annelida 11 Snail Mollusca 12 Sea cucumber Echinodermata 13 Cenpede Arthropoda 14 Sea Urchin Echinodermata 15 Sea Star Echinodermata 16 Earth Worm Annelida Quesons 1. Compare and contrast the features of the invertebrates in this virtual lab. The Echinodermata phylum had animals that had more of a hard or spikey outside to them like the Sea Urchin or the Brile Star whereas as the Annelida Phylum had the animals with soﬅ bodies like the earth worm and Blood worm the Annelida Phylum and the Mollusca Phylum shared the fact that their animals had soﬅ bodies but the one thing that separated them was that the animals in the Mollusca Phylum had a hard shell to cover it like the Conch. 2. To which phylum do you think an animal with two body segments and jointed appendages would belong? Explain. The animal would belong to the Arthropoda Phylum because animals in that phylum have jointed appendage and segmented bodies . 3. To which phylum do you think an animal with a soﬅ body, a large head, and tentacles would belong? Explain. The animal would fall into the Mollusca Phylum because it would be almost like a octopus in a way and that is the characteriscs of the Mollusca Phylum. 4. To which phylum do you think an invertebrate with ﬁve or more arms arranged around a central point would belong? Explain. This animal would be in the Arthropoda Phylum because based oﬀ the characteriscs given the animal would probably be related to a spider of some sort. 5. To which phylum do you think an invertebrate with suckers on either end of its tube-shaped body would belong? Explain. This animal would be in the Echinodermata Phylum because it falls to characteriscs of the group and looks like it would be related to the sea star 6. Of the four invertebrate phyla in this virtual lab, which do you think are more closely related? Explain I believe that the Annelida and the Mollusca Phylum are more related because the because they have similar body types that have lile modiﬁcaon that may have been adapted based oﬀ of environment.

BIO | 111 | Intro to Bio online | lab | Lab Report – Classifying Annel

Module 3 Science Journal Lesson 1 Practice 1 – Coloring the Periodic Table Copy and paste your colored periodic table below. If you chose to print out and color your periodic table, you may add a scanned image below, or take a picture with your cell phone and send the picture to your instructor via email or text. PERIODIC TABLE Lesson 1 Practice 2 – Periodic Table Groups Matching After completing the matching activity, answer the following questions about the matching activity: 1. With what card did Helium match? Helium matched with noble gas 2. With what card did Silicon match? Silicon matched with alkali metal 3. With what card did Fluorine match? Fluorine matched with halogen 4. With what card did Promethium match? Promethium matched with the lanthanide series Lesson 2 Practice – Graphing the Periodic Table Post a screenshot of the graph labeled “Electronegativity” from the M3L2P1: Graphing the Periodic Table. If you need help taking screenshots, visit www.take-a-screenshot.org . Write a brief explanation of the graph for Electronegativity you saw in the activity. Be specific about the trend of electronegativity and how it relates to the areas of the periodic table. The trend of electronegativity increases as it goes from left to right across the periodic table, and decreases as you go down a group or family. As you get closet to Flourine, the electronegativity will be higher while as you get closer to francium the electronegativity will be lower. Electronegativity’s purpose is to attract electrons from atoms that are part of compounds, and the trend of electronegativity is determined by each element’s natural relationships to electrons. The higher the electronegativity of an atom, the better the ability to attract electrons and vice versa. However, electronegativity excludes noble gasses because they don’t form compounds and therefore cannot be measured by electronegativity. GUIDED NOTES Module 3 Lesson 1 Guided Notes (Periodic Table History and Classification) Essential Standards Addressed: 1.3.1 Classify the components of the Periodic Table. 1.3.2 Infer the physical properties of an element based on its position on the Periodic Table. Slides 1 – 8 (The History of the Periodic Table) 1. How many elements had been discovered by 1860? Over 60 2. Who created the first periodic table based on mass? Dimitri Mendeleev 3. Henry Mosely created the modern periodic table. How was it arranged? In increasing nuclear charge/increasing number of protons 4. Periods of the Periodic Table are the rows and there are 7 of them in total. 5. Groups of the Periodic Table are the families and there are 18 of them in total. Slides 10 – 12 (s-Block Elements) 6. What is the name given to the Group 1 elements and which elements are included? Alkali metals. This group includes Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and Francium, but not Hydrogen. 7. What electron configuration do all group 1 elements end in? s^1 8. Name two properties of group 1 elements. Soft, low melting point, and highly reactive. 9. What is the name given to the Group 2 elements and which elements are included? Alkaline earth metals. This group includes beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. 10.What electron configuration do all group 2 elements end in? They all end with s^2

CHM | 130 | Introduction to Chemistry | lecture notes | Module 3 Science Journal Lesso

Scienﬁc Name Classiﬁcaon Group Habitat Nutrion Locomoon Organism A Dictyostellium Fungus-like protest Decaying logs or dead leaves in moist, cool woods Bacteria and decaying organic maer Pseudopod in amoeba-like stage Organism B Saccharomyces Fungus Sugary-warm moist environments sugar Does not move Organism C Spirogyra Plant-like prost Freshwater Makes its own food Does not move Organism D Volvox Plant-like prost Freshwater Makes its own food Flagella Organism E Euglena Plant-like prost Surface of muddy soil or stagnant pond Makes its own food Whip-like ﬂagella 1. Different type of protists move in different ways. Name and describe how one of the protest you observed moves. Euglena use a flagella to move. The flagella creates whip-like motion propelling the Euglena 2. Why are plant-like protists important to the food chain? Plant-like protest are important because they are the beginning of the food chain. They create food and energy from the sun that is consumed by the rest of the food chain 3. Which of the organisms that you observed could not move? Why? Fungi does not move because they eat their environment and they reproduce via spores. 4. Which of the protist you observed had both plantlike and animal like characteristics? Why? The plant-like protists that live in water environments have both plant-like and animal- like characteristics. They provide their own food (like plants) and are mobile (like animals) due to flagella. 5. Explain why algae are considered to be plantlike? They contain chlorophyll and produce their own food. 6. Locomotion is generally a characteristic of animals. However, plantlike protists move about by means of flagella. What is the advantage of a photosynthetic organisms that is able to move from place to place? These organisms are able to seek the shallow water or places that have more access to sunlight. 7. Explain how protist are thought to have given rise to multicellular organisms. They are extremely diverse with over 200,000 species. They have characteristic of all today’s kingdoms. They are eukaryotic and can be both unicellular and multicellular organisms. 8. How do the fungi you identified obtain food? They secrete enzymes in their environment to digest and then they absorb what has been digested. 9. How are fungi important to the environment? They are natures recyclers.

BIO | 111 | Intro to Bio online | lab | Scienﬁc Name Classiﬁcaon Gro

What Kills Germs? Virtual Lab Report Table Diameter of zone of inhibion (mm) Bacterial species Sterile ﬁlter paper (control) Anbacterial soap Household bleach Household disinfectant penicillin Amoxicillin erythromycin Hemophilus inﬂuenzae 2mm 19mm 30mm 21mm 28mm 27mm 16mm Staphylococcus aureus 2mm 15mm 30mm 20mm 10mm 12mm 25mm Streptococcus pneumoniae 2mm 14mm 28mm 23mm 32mm 35mm 14mm Journal Quesons Describe the eﬀects of the various anbioc drugs you used. Were they all equally eﬀecve at controlling bacterial growth? How do you know? The anbioc drugs used were Penicillin, Amoxicillin, and Erythromycin. They were all eﬀecve on the bacteria growth the Penicillin and Amoxicillin work the best at controlling the Hemophilus inﬂuenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the Erythromycin work the best at controlling the Staphylococcus aureus. 1. Describe the eﬀects of the various chemical disinfectants you used. Were they all equally eﬀecve at controlling bacterial growth? Would you use them to halt bacterial growth in your home or on your body? The diﬀerent chemical disinfectant were all in the same range when it came to controlling the bacterial growth. I would use them to control bacterial growth in my home . 2. Compare the eﬀecveness of the various anbacterial drugs and chemical disinfectants. Which seem to be beer at controlling bacterial growth? Why do you think this is so? I believe that the anbacterial drugs worked beer when it came to ﬁghng the bacterial growth. When the bacterial growth is fought of with anbacterial drugs it is using medicine that is engineered to ﬁght more that just the common house hold germs and be more powerful when used on certain bacteria. 3. If you were a doctor treang a paent infected with Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium that causes mild to moderate skin infecons, which anbioc would you prescribe and why? a. I would prescribe Erythromycin because it has the highest zone of inhibion, which means its doing a beer job at controlling the bacteria/ infecon. 4. Can you think of any limitaons of this technique of tesng the eﬀecveness of anmicrobial agents? If a real person were involved, what other tests might give you more conﬁdence in your results? Bacteria and Oxygen Virtual Lab Report Predicon 1. Explain whether or not you think all bacteria need oxygen in order to grow. a. All bacteria do not need oxygen to grow aerobic and they require oxygen to grow and reproduce and if the bacteria is anaerobic then they don’t need oxygen to grow. Table Bacterial Species Growth in Medium A (with oxygen) Growth in Medium B (without oxygen) B. Stearothermophilus (Vial 1) High growth Lile growth C. Sporogenes (Vial 2) No growth Lile growth E. coli (Vial 3) High growth Lile growth Table

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